WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF CELLS RELATED TO IRRITABILITY
A. Ability to respond to stimuli ✓ B. Ability to synthesize proteins C. Ability to generate energy D. Ability to replicate DNA The answer to the question is: A. Ability to respond to stimuli Cells possess the ability to respond to various stimuli…
METHODS TO DETERMINE HOST BACTERIAL CELLS CONTAINING CLONAL INSERT
1. Selection Markers One method to determine which host bacterial cells contain the clonal insert is by using selection markers. These markers are genes that confer a selective advantage to the host cell when they are present. For example, if…
Ti PLASMIDS AS VECTORS FOR PLANT CELLS
Ti plasmids, also known as tumor-inducing plasmids, are a group of circular DNA molecules found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium. These plasmids have been extensively studied and utilized as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into plant cells. The ability…
THE PRINCIPLES OF DNA PACKAGING IN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DNA packaging is a crucial process in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as it allows the long DNA molecules to be compacted into smaller volumes, enabling efficient storage and regulation of genetic material. The principles of DNA packaging differ between…
DIRECTED AND ORGANIZED MIGRATION OF CELLS
Introduction Cell motility refers to the ability of cells to move and migrate, which is crucial for various biological processes such as embryonic development, immune response, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. The directed and organized migration of single cells, small…
HOW CELLS ARE ABLE TO MOVE
Cells are able to move through a process called cell motility, which is crucial for various biological functions such as embryonic development, immune response, wound healing, and tissue formation. There are several mechanisms through which cells achieve movement, including cytoskeleton dynamics, cell…
STANDARD PROTOCOLS FOR LYSIS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI CELLS AND PARTITIONING OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS
Lysis of E. coli Cells: Harvesting the Cells: After the small-scale culture of E. coli reaches the desired optical density, harvest the cells by centrifugation. Resuspending the Pellet: Resuspend the cell pellet in an appropriate lysis buffer containing protease inhibitors…
CELL COMPARTMENTALISATION AND PROTEIN TRANSPORT IN CELLS
Cell compartmentalisation refers to the organization of eukaryotic cells into distinct membrane-bound compartments called organelles. These organelles serve specific functions within the cell and are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Proteins are transported between organelles through a complex network of…
TRAFFICKING OF IMMUNE CELLS TO SITES OF INFECTION AND MIGRATION OF TUMOR CELLS
The trafficking of immune cells to sites of injury or infection is a crucial process in the body’s defense mechanism. When the body encounters an injury or infection, it triggers a complex cascade of events that lead to the recruitment…
RESTRICTION MAPPING OF PGLO AND TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIAL CELLS
The pGLO plasmid is a common tool in molecular biology used to study gene expression and protein localization. Restriction mapping of the pGLO plasmid involves the use of restriction enzymes to cleave the DNA at specific recognition sites, allowing for…
NEUROGLIAL CELLS AND THEIR CRUCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Neuroglial cells, also known as glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These cells play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis,…
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Introduction to Translation in Cells Translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize proteins. This essential cellular process occurs in all living organisms and is crucial for the expression of…
OVERVIEW OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS IN URINE
Squamous Epithelial Cells in Urine Squamous epithelial cells are a type of cell found in the urinary system. When present in urine, they can indicate contamination from the external genitalia or the lower urinary tract. The presence of squamous epithelial…
SODIUM ION MOVEMENT IN CELLS
When gated sodium channels open, sodium ions enter a cell due to the concentration gradient and the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane. This process is essential for various physiological functions, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Concentration…
SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT RED BLOOD CELLS YOU NEED TO KNOW
Introduction RBCs, or red blood cells, are the most common type of blood cell in the human body. They are also known as erythrocytes, and their primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and…
STEM CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATION
Introduction Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. They have two main characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells: They can divide and renew themselves over…
OTHER ORGANS OF FARM ANIMALS
The structure and functions of the skin, kidney and liver are discussed below in detail. Skin The skin of farm animals has been described as the largest organ of the body. It covers the outer surfaces of all animals.…
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory system involves all the organs and tissues which are concerned with the movement of materials from one part of the body to another where they are either used or removed. These organs and tissues include the heart, the blood…
SKIN
The entire surface of the body is covered by skin. In man, the skin is about 1 to 2mm thick except the skin of the palm and soles with thickness of about 6mm. The skin is the most extensive organ…
ORGANISATION OF LIFE
All living things are highly organised. This organisation occurs in levels. The simplest structures are found at the lowest levels and they interact to build up more complex structures at the next level and so on. Levels of Organisation…