SHAPES OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
The shapes of molecular compounds are determined by the arrangement of their atoms and the number of lone pairs on the central atom. The most common shapes are linear, planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. Here are the shapes for…
FORMATION OF IONIC BONDS AND COMPOUNDS
Introduction Ionic bonds are formed when there is a transfer of electrons between two atoms. One atom loses electrons and becomes a positively charged ion (cation), while the other atom gains electrons and becomes a negatively charged ion (anion). The…
ARRHENIUS CONCEPTS OF ACIDS AND BASES
According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and a base is a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-). In other words, acids are proton…
SIMPLE GUIDANCE FOR YOU IN NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law, also known as the Law of Inertia, states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move at a constant velocity in a straight line,…
CONCEPT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is a field of science that involves the application of biological processes, organisms, or systems to develop useful products or technologies for the benefit of society. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines such as genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry,…
POSTULATES OF KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
The kinetic theory of matter is a scientific theory that explains the behavior of matter in terms of the motion of its particles. The theory is based on several postulates: 1) Matter is made up of tiny particles: According to…
LIMITATIONS OF DALTON’S THEORY
Dalton’s atomic theory was proposed by John Dalton in 1808, and it was a significant advancement in the field of chemistry. The theory was based on several observations and experiments that Dalton conducted. Here are the main postulates of Dalton’s…
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE OF BUOYANCY
Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. This principle helps to explain why some objects float while others sink. The formula…
MIND-BLOWING FACTS ABOUT SOURCES OF WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
Introduction West African Traditional Religion is a complex and diverse system of beliefs and practices that has evolved over thousands of years. It encompasses the spiritual traditions of many different ethnic groups in West Africa, including the Yoruba, Igbo, Akan,…
ROLE OF WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Introduction West African Traditional Religion (WATR) has played a significant role in conflict resolution and management in the region for centuries. In traditional African societies, religion is seen as an essential part of life and the basis of their culture…
CONCEPT OF MAN AND DESTINY
Concept of Man In West African Traditional Religion, the concept of man is deeply rooted in the belief that humans are a part of a larger community that includes both the living and the dead, as well as the natural…
CONCEPT OF TIME, WORK AND WEALTH
Concept of Time In West African Traditional Religion, the concept of time is often seen as cyclical rather than linear. This means that time is not viewed as a straight line with a beginning and an end, but rather as…
RITES OF PASSAGE
Rites of Passage refer to a ceremonial or symbolic event or series of events that marks an individual’s transition from one status or stage of life to another. These transitions may include birth, adolescence, marriage, and death, among others, and…
TYPES OF SALESMAN
A) Industrial Salesman An industrial salesman is a professional who is responsible for selling industrial products or services to businesses or organizations. They work in a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, engineering, construction, and technology. Industrial salesmen play a…
ENEMIES OF LIFE IN WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
In West African Traditional Religion, there are various forces that are believed to be enemies of life. These forces are seen as malevolent and can cause harm to individuals and communities. Here are some of the enemies of life in…
THE STRUCTURE OF WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
Introduction West African traditional religion is a complex system of beliefs and practices that varies across different ethnic groups and regions. However, there are some commonalities that can be identified in the structure of this religion. Supreme Being: Most West…
APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
The study of West African traditional religion provides an opportunity to understand the history, culture, and values of a diverse people. West African traditional religion, also known as African traditional religion, dates back to the earliest civilizations in the region.…
CONTINUATION OF INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES
Mention Differences between intramural and extramural activities Intramural activities are those that occur within a single institution or organization, such as a school or company, while extramural activities occur outside of the institution or organization. Here are some differences between…
CONCEPT OF SALESMANSHIP
Basic terms in salesmanship Here are some basic terms in salesmanship and their explanations: Sales: The exchange of goods or services for money or other valuable consideration. Salesmanship: The art and science of selling products or services. Prospects: Potential customers…
PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
The philosophy of physical education concerns the nature, purpose, and value of physical education. It is concerned with the fundamental beliefs and principles that guide the development and delivery of physical education programs. One key aspect of the philosophy of…
FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOTICS
Definition of Robotics Robotics refers to the interdisciplinary field of science and engineering that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. A robot is a machine that can be programmed to perform various tasks autonomously or under…
POPULATION GROWTH IN AFRICA
The exact population size of Africa, like that of the world, at any particular time is difficult to determine. This is essentially due to the fact that many countries in Africa do not have complete knowledge of their population, as…
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN AFRICA
The population density of Africa is 30 persons per square kilometre. This might be misleading when dealing with a large land mass as Africa, and there is need to remember that the population is unevenly distributed. There are marked…
EVIDENCES IN SUPPORT OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION
1) Evidence from comparative anatomy Homologous structures can be used to explain the evidence of comparative anatomy. Homologous structures are those structures which are built in the same common plan but yet modified to perform different functions. For example the…
EVOLUTION OF NEW SPECIES BY MUTATION AND ISOLATION
A) Mutation theory of organic evolution Mutation is a change in genetic material resulting in a new stable characteristic which can be inherited by offspring. Hugo De Vries, a Dutch botanist propounded the mutation theory of organic evolution in 1901…
DARWIN’S THEORY AND MODERN THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION
Charles Darwin, a British biologist, in 1859 propounded a theory of organic evolution by Natural Selection leading to the origin of species. His theory of natural selection is as follows: 1) Overproduction: All living organisms produce more offspring than can…
LAMARCK’S THEORY OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION
Jean Baptiste Lamarck, a French biologist was one of the first biologists to put forward the theory of organic evolution in 1801. His idea of organic evolution was hinged on three theories. 1) The theory of need This states that…
MECHANISM OF TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
The lower plants All the plants from the single-celled Chlamydomonas, bacterium, Phacus to the simple multicellular Spirogyra, Funaria (Bryophyta) that lack conducting vessels use their cytoplasm for the movement and distribution of materials. Most of these lower plants live in…
SOUTHERN COASTLANDS OF NIGERIA
Physical Setting The coastal lowlands bordering of Nigeria range in height from sea level to 150m above sea level and extend across the entire length of the country coast from Yewa-Badagry area in the west to the Bakassi peninsula at…
SOUTH WESTERN HIGHLANDS OF NIGERIA
Physical Setting The western highlands region covers Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Edo and parts of Kwara and Kogi States. The highlands generally range between 300m and 700m above sea level. There are isolated local peaks, such as, Idanre and Efon-Alaye…
EASTERN SCARPLANDS OF NIGERIA
This region is found east of the Niger delta and south of River Benue. It is bordered on the east by the Cross River Plains as shown in Fig. 43.2. Physical Features Major relief features of this region are…
EASTERN HIGHLANDS OF NIGERIA
Physical Setting The eastern highlands consist of chains of hills, plateaus and mountains along the eastern borderlands of Nigeria. Prominent among these relief features are Bamenda highlands, Biu plateau, Mambila plateau, Shebshi and Alantika mountains, Adamawa plateau and Obudu hills.…
GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF NIGERIA
Nigeria can be classified into nine broad geographical regions, each having obvious and essentially similar physical settings, people and population, resources and economic activities, transportation and development issues and problems. These regions are shown in Fig. 43.1 and include: 1)…
NORTH CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF NIGERIA
Physical Features This is a very extensive region that extends from Katsina in the north to Yelwa in the West, Bauchi in the east and Kafanchan in the south. The landscape is made up of gentle, undulating plains. The relief…
THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD
There are three plans or types of blood circulation in human beings, other mammals and birds. They are the pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation and the coronary circulation. The pulmonary circulation (Heart ->lung ->heart) The pulmonary circulation transports blood between…
PHYSICAL SETTING OF NIGERIA
The main physical features are the geology, relief and drainage systems. They are examined generally and on regional basis. Geology The geology of Nigeria shows that the rocks found in the country range from the PreCambrian and Quaternary geological…
DISTRIBUTION OF NIGERIA’S MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES
Nigeria is blessed with abundant mineral resources; and they are found all over the country. The major minerals found in sedimentary rocks include, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and limestone; and those found in basement complex rocks include tin, columbite, gypsum…
DISPERSAL OF FRUITS AND SEEDS
After the maturation of fruits, an abscission layer is formed at the point of attachment of the fruits to the stems. This layer later dries up and the fruits drop from the plant. Some times the fruits split up to…
CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF LIVING THINGS
There are over 2,000,000 known different organisms in the world today and probably over 1,000,000 are left to be discovered and named. All these living things have different characteristics such as shape, size, colour, and height. It will, therefore, be…
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
The animal kingdom is divided into invertebrates (animals without backbones) and vertebrates (animals with backbones). Invertebrates The subphylum invertebrate (the invertebrates is made up mainly of the following phyla: Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Arthropoda. …
NEW SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
The modern classification system based on physiology, biochemistry and embryology have revealed distinct similarities between living organisms which external appearances of organisms will not show or discover. Not all biologists have agreed on this new classification of five kingdoms instead…
ALIMENTARY CANAL OF COCKROACH
Cockroach is an omnivorous animal eating anything ranging from starchy and sweet things to papers, clothes etc. Its alimentary canal is therefore adapted to suit its type of diet. The alimentary canal consists of foregut, midgut and hindgut. 1) Foregut…
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF FLOWERING PLANTS
The flowering plants form a group of plants known as Angiosperms. They are characterized by the possession of flowers for sexual reproduction. They bear flowers in their various breeding seasons and after pollination and fertilization, seeds are formed enclosed in…
THE STRUCTURE OF MAMMALIAN GAMETES
The mammalian gametes are male gametes called sperm or spermatozoa (singular = spermato-zoon), while the female gametes are called eggs or ova (singular = ovum) The reproductive sex cells are also known as gametes. The formation of gametes or gametogenisis…
PHYSICAL SETTING OF AFRICA
The physical setting of Africa is defined by its relief, drainage, climate and vegetation, among others. These factors define Africa’s physical environment and they are important influences on patterns of human activity on the continent. The physical environment affects such…
IDENTIFICATION OF RELIEF FEATURES USING THEIR CONTOUR FORMS
It is possible to identify specific relief features on topographical maps by examining the way their contour forms are arranged. This post discusses specific relief features and how their contour forms are arranged, especially on topographical maps. Slopes and…
EXPERIMENTS TO SHOW THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
Experiment 1 Aim: To demostrate the action of ptyalin (saliva) on cooked starch. Method: Some saliva is introduced into a test tube X and diluted with little amount of water. Two test tubes are labelled E and F. To test…
POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES
Man cannot survive without water. The low population densities in the desert natural region is because of the water deficiency which renders vast areas of land uninhabitable. The sources of water include oceans, rivers, lakes, rainfall and groundwater. Unfortunately, man…
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEURONE
Neurones are specialized cells that transmit impulses (messages) around the body in form of electrical charges. The nervous system consists of millions of neurones (nerve cell). Three main types exist in the body namely: sensory, association (intermediate) and motor neurones.…
COASTAL FEATURES OF EROSION
1) Capes and bays: On exposed coasts, the continual action of waves on rocks of varying resistance causes the coastline to be eroded irregularly. This is particularly pronounced where hard rocks, e.g. granites and limestones, occur in alternate bands with…
Study Guide
