A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO
Ventilation-perfusion ratio, often abbreviated as V/Q ratio, is a critical concept in respiratory physiology that describes the relationship between the amount of air reaching the alveoli of the lungs (ventilation) and the amount of blood flow reaching the alveoli (perfusion).…
THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
BP: Systole, Diastole, Pulse Blood Pressure: Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is represented by two values: systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.…
PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS AND FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Introduction Plasma lipoproteins are particles that transport lipids, including cholesterol, in the bloodstream. They are composed of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The main types of plasma lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).…
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION
Liver’s Cholesterol Pool: Input & Output Routes The liver plays a central role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in the body. It regulates the cholesterol pool through various sources of input and output routes. Let’s delve into the details: Sources of…
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
Alveolar ventilation refers to the volume of air that reaches the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) and participates in gas exchange with the blood. It is the difference between the tidal volume (the amount of air inhaled and…
CLINICAL APPROACH TO AN ENLARGED THYROID GLAND
Enlarged thyroid gland: Causes & Diagnosis An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as goiter, can be caused by various factors. Here are some common causes: Iodine Deficiency: Inadequate iodine intake can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland. Iodine is essential…
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID HORMONES
Pharmacology of thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body. Here’s a detailed characterization of their pharmacology: Synthesis: Thyroid hormones are synthesized in the thyroid gland. The…
GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL SECRETIONS
Gastric Cells & Secretions Here’s a description of various types of gastric cells and their secretions: Parietal Cells: Parietal cells are found in the gastric glands of the stomach’s oxyntic mucosa. They secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. HCl…