DRUGS USED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Introduction There are several types of drugs commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. These medications are primarily aimed at reducing the symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. The specific medication prescribed…
EXPLORING THE MICROBIOLOGY OF CARDITIS
Introduction Carditis refers to inflammation of the heart muscle, known as myocarditis, or the lining surrounding the heart, known as endocarditis. Microbial infections are one of the potential causes of carditis. Let’s explore the microbiology of carditis in more detail.…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING HYPERLIPIDEMIAS
Introduction Hyperlipidemias, also known as dyslipidemias, refer to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. These conditions involve disruptions in the metabolism of cholesterol and triglycerides, which are the two main types of…
INGUINAL REGION AND LIGAMENT
The inguinal region refers to an anatomical area located in the lower abdomen, near the groin. It is named after the inguinal canal, which is a passage that extends from the abdomen to the external genitalia. The inguinal region is…
PAGET’S DISEASE, OSTEOMYELITIS AND BONE TUMORS
Paget’s Bone Disease Overview Paget’s disease of bone, also known as osteitis deformans, is a chronic condition characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. It primarily affects older adults and is more common in individuals of European descent. The disease usually affects…
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO SPIROMETRY
Introduction Spirometry is a commonly used pulmonary function test that measures the amount of air a person can inhale and exhale and the speed at which they can do so. It is a non-invasive procedure that provides valuable information about…
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN SPUTUM CULTURE PROCEDURE
Introduction Sputum culture is a diagnostic test used to identify and determine the presence of bacteria, fungi, or viruses in a person’s sputum (mucus and other material coughed up from the respiratory tract). It is primarily performed to diagnose respiratory…
EXPLORING GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
Introduction Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare tumors that develop in the cells that form the placenta during pregnancy. It is also known as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. GTD originates from abnormal growth of the cells that would…
UNDERSTANDING MOVEMENT DISORDERS
Movement Disorder Symptoms Movement disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the body’s motor system. While specific symptoms can vary depending on the type and underlying cause of the movement disorder, there are several…
SECRETS TO SUCCESSFUL BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND TRANSPLANTATION
Blood Grouping in Transfusion Blood grouping plays a crucial role in blood transfusion to ensure compatibility between the donor and the recipient. The blood grouping system categorizes blood into different types based on the presence or absence of specific antigens…
A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING BLOOD GROUPS
Introduction Blood groups, also known as blood types, are classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of certain molecules called antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The most well-known blood grouping system is the ABO system,…
QUICK TIPS REGARDING HYDATID CYSTS
Introduction Hydatid cysts, also known as echinococcosis or hydatid disease, are parasitic infections caused by the larvae of the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. These cysts primarily affect the liver and lungs but can also occur in other organs…
HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE SIGNS OF A VERMIFORM APPENDIX
Introduction The vermiform appendix, commonly referred to as the appendix, is a small, tube-like organ located at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine. It is typically situated in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, although…
MALIGNANT BREAST DISORDERS
Breast Cancer Risk Factors Breast cancer is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors, some of which can be modified or managed, while others cannot be changed. Here are several risk factors associated with breast cancer: Gender: Being female…
BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS
Major types of breast lumps There are several major types of breast lumps that can occur in both women and men. It’s important to note that not all breast lumps are cancerous, and many of them are benign (non-cancerous) in…
TOP FACTS ABOUT CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat or abnormal heart rhythm. The heart normally beats in a regular pattern, but in cases of arrhythmia, the heart may beat too fast, too slow, or in an irregular pattern. This can disrupt…
EXPLORING THE CAUSES AND TREATMENTS OF DYSPEPSIA
Dyspepsia, commonly known as indigestion, refers to a group of symptoms related to the upper digestive system. It is a common condition that affects many individuals and can have various underlying causes. Classification of dyspepsia helps healthcare professionals in diagnosing…
UNDERSTANDING SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
Soft tissue tumors, also known as mesenchymal tumors, are a diverse group of neoplasms that originate from the various types of soft tissues in the body, excluding bone and hematopoietic tissues. These tumors can develop in muscles, tendons, fat, blood…
GLOBIN GENES AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GLOBIN SYNTHESIS
Globin Gene Organization The organization of globin genes, including the beta and alpha gene families, is crucial for the synthesis of hemoglobin proteins, which are responsible for transporting oxygen in red blood cells. Here’s an overview of the organization of…
UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT AGENTS
Introduction Immunosuppressant agents are medications that suppress or weaken the immune system. They are commonly used in medical treatments to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs or to manage certain autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.…
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the structure and organization of the human body. It encompasses various subdivisions that help in understanding the different levels of organization and the specific regions or systems within the body. Here are the…
GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSING ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Introduction The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, and its main function is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Various diseases can affect the esophagus, some of which…
FACTS ABOUT SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Psychosis definition Psychosis refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by a loss of touch with reality. It is a condition that affects a person’s thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and behavior, and can make it difficult for them to function in…
THE IMPACT OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON MENTAL HEALTH
Monoamine theory of depression The monoamine theory of depression suggests that depression is caused by a deficiency in certain neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly the monoamines serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. According to this theory, low levels of these neurotransmitters can…
THE ADVANCED GUIDE TO BRAINSTEM
The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain. It is made up of three main parts: the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. The gross features of…
UNDERSTANDING MUSCLE AND NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES
Introduction Muscle and neuromuscular diseases are a group of conditions that affect the muscles and the nerves that control them. These diseases can be genetic or acquired, and they can affect individuals of all ages. Some common examples of muscle…
ENDOMETRIOSIS IMPACT ON FERTILITY
Introduction Endometriosis can impact fertility in a number of ways. The adhesions and scar tissue that can develop from endometriosis can cause damage to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus, making it difficult for sperm and egg to meet or…
ADVANCEMENTS IN STROKE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Stroke is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to the death of brain cells. This can happen due to a blood clot that blocks a blood…
THE LINK BETWEEN EAR INFECTIONS AND OTITIS MEDIA
Introduction Ear infections can occur in people of all ages, but they are most common in children. In fact, otitis media is one of the most common childhood illnesses, with an estimated 75% of children experiencing at least one episode…
CHRONIC AND ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS
Introduction Rhinosinusitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It is a common condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, allergies, and anatomical abnormalities. Sinus refers to a…
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF GALLBLADDER DISEASE
Introduction The gallbladder is a small organ located beneath the liver that plays an important role in digestion by storing and releasing bile, a substance that helps break down fats. There are several types of gallbladder diseases, including: Gallstones: These…
UGLY TRUTH ABOUT HEME AND PORPHYRIN METABOLISM
Introduction Heme is an important molecule involved in various physiological processes, such as oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and detoxification. Heme is synthesized through a series of reactions called the heme biosynthetic pathway, which takes place mainly in the liver and…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO MOTOR PATHWAYS
Introduction Motor pathways are neural pathways that are responsible for controlling voluntary movements in the body. These pathways involve the transmission of signals from the brain to the muscles through a complex network of neurons. There are two main types…
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
Psychosomatic disorders are physical conditions or illnesses that are thought to have been caused, at least in part, by psychological or emotional factors. In other words, they are disorders that result from the interaction between the mind and body. These…
HOW TO COPE WITH DEPRESSION
Introduction Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable. It can also cause physical symptoms such as fatigue, changes in appetite or…
DISEASE OF THE PENIS, SCROTUM AND TESTIS
Introduction The penis is the male reproductive organ that is responsible for delivering semen during sexual intercourse. It is typically cylindrical in shape and composed of three main parts: the root, the shaft, and the glans. The root of the…
MYOCARDIUM AND BLOOD VESSEL HISTOLOGY
Introduction Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. The myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart, while blood vessels are the tubular structures that carry blood throughout the body. Here is an overview of…
UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
Introduction The CVS, or cardiovascular system, is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, while the blood vessels act as conduits for the blood to flow through.…
WHAT EVERY WOMAN NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT AMENORRHEA
Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence of menstrual periods in a woman of reproductive age. There are two types of amenorrhea: Primary amenorrhea: This type of amenorrhea occurs when a girl has not started menstruating by the…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING PUERPERIUM
Introduction Puerperium refers to the period after childbirth during which the mother’s body undergoes physiological changes in order to return to its pre-pregnancy state. It typically lasts for six weeks or until the reproductive organs have fully healed. During the…
SHOCKING FACTS ABOUT BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Introduction A blood transfusion is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of blood or blood components from one person (the donor) to another person (the recipient). This procedure is commonly used to treat various medical conditions such as anemia,…
UNDERSTANDING THE ANATOMY OF MEDIASTINUM AND PERICARDIUM
Mediastinum Divisions The mediastinum is a central compartment within the thoracic cavity, bordered by the sternum in front, the vertebral column in back, and the lungs on each side. It is divided into three major subdivisions: anterior, middle, and posterior…
BLOOD TEST TECHNIQUES
Hb, PCV, and RBCs are three common blood tests that are used to assess the health of an individual. Here are the basic techniques involved in performing these tests: 1) Hemoglobin (Hb) Test The hemoglobin test is used to measure…
ATELECTASIS AND DISTURBANCES OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Atelectasis is a medical condition that refers to the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a part of it. Compression atelectasis occurs when a mass, such as a tumor or fluid, compresses the lung and prevents it from…
UNBELIEVABLE FACTS ABOUT MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Introduction Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are primarily involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance in the body. The most important mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which is produced by the adrenal gland and acts on the…
GLUCOCORTICOIDS PHARMACOLOGY SUMMARIZED
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced naturally in the adrenal gland and have potent anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and metabolic effects. They are widely used in medicine to treat a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, such as…
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Introduction Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones produced naturally by the adrenal glands in response to stress. The most well-known glucocorticoid is cortisol, which is involved in regulating a wide range of physiological processes in the body, including metabolism,…
QUICK TIPS ABOUT CUBITAL AND POPLITEAL FOSSAE
Cubital fossa The cubital fossa, also known as the elbow pit, is a triangular-shaped depression located on the anterior aspect of the elbow joint. The boundaries of the cubital fossa are formed by several structures including the pronator teres muscle…
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
Introduction Tubulointerstitial nephritis is a type of kidney disease that affects the tubules and interstitial tissue in the kidney. The tubules are small structures in the kidney that help to filter and transport urine, while the interstitial tissue is the…
EXPLORING THE LATEST RESEARCH ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Introduction CNS stands for Central Nervous System. It is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the body and is responsible for processing information from the…
Study Guide
