PHARMACOLOGY OF ESTROGEN PREPARATIONS AND THEIR USE
Estrogen is a group of hormones that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. It is primarily produced by the ovaries in premenopausal women, but small amounts are also synthesized…
PRINCIPLES OF VACCINATION UNRAVELED
Vaccination is a crucial tool in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, and it is based on several key principles that ensure its effectiveness and safety. These principles include: 1. Herd Immunity: Herd immunity is the idea that when a…
UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MALARIA
Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The clinical features of malaria can vary depending on the species of Plasmodium involved, the immune status of the individual,…
SIMPLE FACTS ABOUT THE ISCHIORECTAL FOSSA
Introduction The ischiorectal fossa is a potential space located in the pelvis, specifically in the perineum region. It is triangular in shape and is situated between the skin of the anal region and the pelvic diaphragm. The fossa is bounded…
SKELETAL MUSCLE METABOLIC ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE
Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue that undergoes various metabolic adaptations in response to exercise. These adaptations are crucial for improving muscle performance, endurance, and overall physical fitness. Exercise-induced metabolic changes occur at both the cellular and molecular levels,…
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
Introduction to Toxicology Toxicology is a branch of science that deals with the study of poisons, their effects on living organisms, and the treatment and prevention of poisoning. It encompasses various aspects such as the identification, characterization, and understanding of…
THE SCIENCE BEHIND FLAPS AND TISSUE EXPANDERS IN PLASTIC SURGERY
Flaps versus Grafts A flap in medical terms refers to a piece of tissue that is transferred from one part of the body to another, while maintaining its blood supply. Flaps are commonly used in reconstructive surgery to repair defects…
OVERVIEW OF COMMON COSMETIC SURGERY OPTIONS
Cosmetic surgery versus Plastic surgery Cosmetic surgery and plastic surgery are two distinct medical specialties that focus on enhancing a person’s appearance. While they share some similarities, there are important differences between the two. Cosmetic surgery, also known as aesthetic…
EXPLORING SKIN GRAFTING TECHNIQUES AND SKIN SUBSTITUTE
Skin graft Skin graft is a surgical procedure that involves the transplantation of skin from one area of the body, known as the donor site, to another area, known as the recipient site, which has lost its skin due to…
MODE OF ACTION OF ANDROGEN HORMONES AND ANTI-ANDROGEN DRUGS
Androgen hormones are a class of steroid hormones that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics. The primary androgen hormone is testosterone, which is produced primarily in the testes in males and in smaller amounts…
MANAGING AND TREATING MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS
Introduction Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), also known as functional somatic symptoms or somatoform disorders, refer to physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a known medical condition or organic pathology. These symptoms are real and cause distress or impairment…
INTERFERON THERAPY AND ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS
Interferon therapy Interferon therapy is a type of treatment that involves the use of interferons, which are naturally occurring proteins produced by the immune system in response to viral infections and other pathogens. These proteins play a crucial role in…
TOP STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING AND TREATING WORM INFESTATIONS
Introduction Worm infestations, also known as helminth infections, are caused by various types of parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. These worms belong to different classes, including nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). The mode of transmission…
PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING GENERALIZED PRURITUS
Pruritus, commonly known as itching, is a sensation that triggers the desire to scratch the affected area. It can occur in various parts of the body and may be localized or generalized. Generalized pruritus refers to itching that affects multiple…
DEALING WITH OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Introduction Obstructive jaundice refers to a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes (sclera) due to an obstruction in the bile ducts. Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that…
A PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF RH INCOMPATIBILITY
Introduction Rh incompatibility, also known as Rh disease or hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), is a condition that occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of a pregnant woman and her fetus. This condition arises when…