Insulin Pharmacology Overview Insulin is a vital hormone produced by the pancreas and plays a critical role...
Year: 2023
Introduction Adrenergic agonists and antagonists are drugs that interact with the adrenergic receptors in the body, which...
Introduction Cholinergic agonists and antagonists are drugs that interact with the cholinergic system in the body, which...
Major chemical classes of sedative-hypnotics Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that are used to induce relaxation,...
Physiochemical Theories of Anesthesia: lipid and protein theory The physiochemical theories of anesthesia are explanations that attempt...
Introduction Opioids are a class of drugs that include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic substances that act on...
Introduction Brain metabolism and neurotransmitters are crucial components of brain function and play vital roles in maintaining...
Introduction Cerebral blood flow (CBF) refers to the blood supply that nourishes the brain and provides oxygen...
Introduction Drugs acting on the blood, inflammation, and gout encompass a wide range of medications used to...
Introduction Apoptosis: Apoptosis is a natural, programmed process of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It...
Introduction Intracellular accumulation refers to the gradual buildup or accumulation of various substances within the cells of...
Medical Research in Medical Education Medical research plays a pivotal role as a main pillar in medical...
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a crucial component of all cells. It...
Allergy Meds Overview Bronchodilators: Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs): Examples include albuterol and levalbuterol. They act quickly to relax...
Histamine plays a critical role in anaphylactic reactions, which are severe and potentially life-threatening allergic responses. When...
Cardiovascular and renal disorders Cardiovascular and renal disorders encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the heart,...
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are both important hormones and neurotransmitters produced by the adrenal glands. While...
Autonomic Nervous System Overview The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system...
Introduction The biochemistry of life refers to the chemical processes and reactions that occur within living organisms....
Introduction Epidemiology is a branch of medical science that deals with the study of patterns, causes, and...
Introduction Microscopy plays a crucial role in microbiology by enabling scientists to observe and study microorganisms at...
Ideal Antimicrobial Agent Characteristics An ideal antimicrobial agent possesses several key characteristics that make it effective in...
Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism, known as the host, and obtain nourishment...
Nationally notifiable bacterial diseases For the most up-to-date information, I recommend referring to the Centers for Disease...
Viral Diseases & Body Systems Here are some examples of viral diseases and the body systems they...
Mycosis: Fungal Infections Explained Mycosis: Mycosis refers to any fungal infection, which can affect various parts of...
Microorganism Growth Factors There are several factors that can affect the growth of microorganisms. Here are some...
The reasons why an individual might not develop an infectious disease after exposure to a pathogen There...
Infection Types Differentiated Healthcare-associated infections (HAI), community-acquired infections, and iatrogenic infections are terms used to describe different...
Immunology Terms Defined Immunology: Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that focuses on the study of...
Host Defense Basics Host Defense Mechanisms: These are the strategies and processes employed by the body to...
Introduction The microbial world is incredibly diverse, with a vast array of microorganisms inhabiting various environments on...
Specimen Collection Guidelines Proper collection of specimens is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of various...
Introduction Antibiotic susceptibility testing is a laboratory technique used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics against specific...
Introduction Fungal and parasitic laboratory identification involves the process of identifying and characterizing different types of fungi...
Introduction Retina and vitreous disorders refer to a variety of conditions that affect the retina and the...
Introduction Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can cause damage to the optic nerve, which...
Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the orbit is crucial for comprehending the structure and function of...
When approaching patients with pigmentary changes, it’s important to consider various factors, including the patient’s medical history,...
Disease epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and impact populations. Epidemiologists investigate various aspects of...
Introduction Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders that affect body movement, muscle coordination, and...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems. It is...
Stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), also known as chronic coronary syndrome, is a condition characterized by the...
Delirium is a state of acute confusion and altered mental status that can occur due to various...
The term “near the end of life” refers to the stage of a person’s illness or condition...
Prognosis refers to the predicted outcome or course of a disease or medical condition. It involves the...
Introduction Gallstones are small, solid deposits that form in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located...
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood...
AKI & CKD Definitions Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), also known as acute renal...
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to sudden and severe bleeding that occurs in the upper part...
