PROTEIN PROCESSING AND TARGETING

Posttranslational modifications of proteins Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are covalent modifications that occur on proteins after translation, altering their structure, stability, localization, and function. Here are some of the major types of PTMs: Phosphorylation: Addition...

HEMOPTYSIS DIFFERENTIATION GUIDE

Hemoptysis is a medical term used to describe the coughing up of blood that originates from the respiratory tract, specifically the lungs and airways. It is often a symptom of an underlying respiratory condition...

A CLOSER LOOK AT THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Introduction Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help in the formation...

SECRETS TO SUCCESSFUL DERMATOLOGY TREATMENT

Dermatology is the medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. Dermatologists are physicians who have specialized training in dermatology and...

BIOCHEMISTRY OF BONE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Bone Structure: Collagen & Hydroxyapatite Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic connective tissue that provides structural support, protection, and facilitates mineral homeostasis in the human body. It is composed of various components, including...

HISTOLOGY OF BLOOD SMEAR AND LYMPHOID TISSUE

Blood Cell Identification Criteria When identifying blood cells, several criteria are considered to distinguish different types of cells. Here are the common review criteria used for identifying blood cells: Cell Size: Blood cells vary...

THE SCIENCE BEHIND PURINE METABOLISM

Purine Synthesis Biochemical Steps Purine synthesis is a biochemical pathway responsible for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, which are essential components of DNA, RNA, and ATP. The pathway involves a series of...

A CLOSER LOOK AT PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS

Pyrimidine Synthesis Steps Pyrimidine synthesis is a complex biochemical process that occurs in the body to produce pyrimidine nucleotides, which are essential components of DNA, RNA, and various coenzymes. The synthesis of pyrimidines involves...

PEDIATRIC ORTHOPEDICS OVERVIEW

Common Pediatric Orthopedic Conditions Pediatric orthopedics is a specialized branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of musculoskeletal conditions in children and adolescents. It deals with a wide range of...

A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO UVEITIS

Uveitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. The uvea consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, which are responsible for supplying blood to...

CONTRAST MEDIA EXPLAINED

Contrast media, also known as contrast agents or contrast dyes, are substances used in medical imaging procedures to enhance the visibility of certain tissues, organs, or blood vessels. They help differentiate structures or highlight...

AN OVERVIEW OF INTESTINAL STOMA

Introduction An intestinal stoma is a surgical opening created on the abdominal wall that connects a part of the intestine to the outside of the body. It is usually performed when a portion of...

HOW TO TREAT MENORRHAGIA

Menorrhagia is a medical term used to describe abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding in women. It refers to a condition in which a woman experiences excessive or prolonged bleeding during her menstrual period,...

NORMAL ECG OVERVIEW

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic tool used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. It provides valuable information about the heart’s rhythm, rate, and overall electrical conduction. A normal electrocardiogram...

ANEURYSMS AND VASCULAR ANOMALIES

Introduction An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. It occurs when a weakened area of a blood vessel expands and becomes filled with blood. Aneurysms can...

ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE

Introduction Abortion and miscarriage are both related to pregnancy but have different definitions and implications. Abortion, also known as induced abortion, is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside...

EXPLORING THE MICROBIOLOGY OF CARDITIS

Introduction Carditis refers to inflammation of the heart muscle, known as myocarditis, or the lining surrounding the heart, known as endocarditis. Microbial infections are one of the potential causes of carditis. Let’s explore the...

INGUINAL REGION AND LIGAMENT

The inguinal region refers to an anatomical area located in the lower abdomen, near the groin. It is named after the inguinal canal, which is a passage that extends from the abdomen to the...

EXPLORING GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE

Introduction Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare tumors that develop in the cells that form the placenta during pregnancy. It is also known as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. GTD originates from abnormal...

UNDERSTANDING MOVEMENT DISORDERS

Movement Disorder Symptoms Movement disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the body’s motor system. While specific symptoms can vary depending on the type and underlying cause of...

QUICK TIPS REGARDING HYDATID CYSTS

Introduction Hydatid cysts, also known as echinococcosis or hydatid disease, are parasitic infections caused by the larvae of the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. These cysts primarily affect the liver and lungs but...

MALIGNANT BREAST DISORDERS

Breast Cancer Risk Factors Breast cancer is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors, some of which can be modified or managed, while others cannot be changed. Here are several risk factors associated...

BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS

Major types of breast lumps There are several major types of breast lumps that can occur in both women and men. It’s important to note that not all breast lumps are cancerous, and many...

TOP FACTS ABOUT CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA

Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat or abnormal heart rhythm. The heart normally beats in a regular pattern, but in cases of arrhythmia, the heart may beat too fast, too slow, or in...

UNDERSTANDING SOFT TISSUE TUMORS

Soft tissue tumors, also known as mesenchymal tumors, are a diverse group of neoplasms that originate from the various types of soft tissues in the body, excluding bone and hematopoietic tissues. These tumors can...

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