THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO REACTIVE ERYTHEMAS
Introduction Reactive erythemas refer to a group of skin conditions characterized by redness (erythema) that occurs as a reaction to various stimuli. These reactions can be triggered by a wide range of factors, such as infections, allergies, medications, or physical…
APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH COMMON FACIAL RASHES OF ACNE AND ROSACEA
Acne and rosacea are two common skin conditions that affect many individuals worldwide. While they share some similarities in their presentation, they have distinct pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features. Let’s explore the pathogenesis of each condition separately: 1. Acne: Acne…
SOMATOFORM AND FACTITIOUS DISORDERS
Somatoform and factitious disorders are two distinct categories of psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms or complaints. Although they both involve physical symptoms, they differ in terms of their underlying causes and the motivations of the individuals experiencing them. Here’s…
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Intermittent Claudication Pathophysiology Intermittent claudication is a symptom characterized by leg pain or discomfort that occurs during physical activity and is relieved by rest. It is most commonly caused by peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is a condition characterized by…
ACUTE PERIANAL CONDITIONS AND FISSURE-IN-ANO
Acute perianal conditions refer to sudden or rapidly developing conditions that affect the area around the anus, which includes the skin, muscles, and blood vessels. These conditions are often characterized by symptoms such as pain, discomfort, swelling, itching, redness, and…
NECK AND VASCULAR TRAUMA
Introduction Neck and vascular trauma refer to injuries or damage that occur in the neck region and involve blood vessels. These types of injuries can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention. Here’s some information on neck and vascular trauma:…
STEPS TO DIAGNOSING CARDIOMYOPATHY
CMP, or cardiomyopathy, refers to a group of diseases that affect the structure and function of the heart muscle. There are several types of cardiomyopathy, each with its own unique clinical presentation. Here’s an overview of the clinical presentation for…
STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH WHEEZING IN CHILDREN
Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs when air flows through narrowed or constricted airways. In children, wheezing is often associated with respiratory conditions. Here are some common causes of wheezing in children: Asthma: Asthma is a chronic condition…
UNCOVERING THE MYSTERIES OF EXANTHEM
Variant definitions of skin lesions Here are some common types of skin lesions: Macule: A macule is a flat, discolored spot on the skin. It’s usually smaller than 1 centimeter and can be brown, red, white, or tan. Examples include…
CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Clinical significance and types of cyanosis Cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and nail beds due to the presence of increased amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. It is often an indicator of underlying…
SIMPLE FACTS ABOUT ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to a group of structural heart abnormalities present at birth that do not cause cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low oxygen levels in the blood. These conditions…
ADENOIDS AND TONSILLITIS OVERVIEW
Introduction Adenoids and tonsils are part of the lymphatic system and play a role in the immune system’s defense against infections. Adenoids are located in the upper part of the throat, behind the nose, while tonsils are situated on both…
INTRODUCTION TO INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) encompass a wide range of genetic disorders that affect the body’s ability to convert food into energy or metabolize specific substances. The clinical presentations of IEMs can vary significantly depending on the specific disorder and…
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT COMA
Understanding Consciousness States Coma: Coma refers to a state of profound unconsciousness in which a person is unresponsive to external stimuli and cannot be awakened. It is a severe medical condition that may result from various causes, such as head…
IMPORTANCE OF REGULAR ANTENATAL CARE IN OBSTETRICS
Regular antenatal care (ANC) is of paramount importance in obstetrics. ANC refers to the care and support provided to pregnant women throughout their pregnancy to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus. Here are several key…
PNEUMOTHORAX, EMPYEMA AND LUNG CYSTS
Pneumothorax & Empyema Types Pneumothorax and empyema are both conditions that affect the lungs, but they are distinct entities. Let me explain the different types of each condition: Types of Pneumothorax: Spontaneous Pneumothorax: This occurs without any apparent cause or…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO SURGICAL DISEASE OF THE SPLEEN
The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. It plays a crucial role in the immune system, blood filtration, and storage of blood cells. Surgical diseases of the spleen can be broadly categorized into…
SURGICAL INFECTIONS AND PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS
Surgical infections, also known as postoperative infections, occur as a result of contamination or colonization of a surgical site by microorganisms, leading to an inflammatory response and subsequent tissue damage. The pathophysiology of surgical infections involves multiple stages and interactions…
EXPLORING THE CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), occurs when there is a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. The clinical presentation of ischemic heart disease can…
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION EXPLAINED
Intestinal obstruction refers to a partial or complete blockage of the intestines, which prevents the normal flow of food, fluids, and gas through the digestive system. It can occur in the small intestine (small bowel obstruction) or the large intestine…
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO CONTRACEPTION
Contraception refers to the deliberate use of various methods or techniques to prevent pregnancy from occurring during sexual intercourse or to reduce the likelihood of fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. The primary goal of contraception…
MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY OVERVIEW
Musculoskeletal radiology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries related to the bones, joints, muscles, and other soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Radiologists who specialize in this field use various imaging…
AN INTRODUCTION TO NEUROANATOMY
Radiological CNS Anatomy Review The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord, and it plays a critical role in controlling and coordinating bodily functions. Radiological imaging techniques provide valuable information about the anatomical structures within…
CHEST RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
Chest Radiological Anatomy Chest radiological anatomy refers to the study of the structures and organs within the chest as seen on radiographic imaging, such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. These imaging techniques are commonly used to evaluate and…
THYROID SCAN TECHNIQUE
A thyroid isotope scan, also known as a thyroid scan or thyroid scintigraphy, is a diagnostic imaging technique used to assess the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It involves the use of a radioactive isotope, usually technetium-99m or…
BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION AND ITS DIFFERENT TYPES
Radiation refers to the emission and propagation of energy through space or a material medium. In other words, radiation refers to the emission and propagation of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. It is a natural phenomenon…
UNDERSTANDING PET IMAGING
PET, or positron emission tomography, is a medical imaging technique that allows physicians to visualize the functioning of organs and tissues within the body. It provides valuable information about the metabolic and biochemical processes occurring in the body. Here’s how…
CONCEPT OF DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) occur when two or more drugs interact with each other in the body, leading to changes in their effects or levels. These interactions can potentially alter the therapeutic benefits of the drugs or increase the risk of…
A GENERAL REVIEW OF NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications commonly used to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and lower fever. They work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemical messengers that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever.…
THE CONCEPT OF AUTACOIDS
Autacoids are a group of biologically active substances that are produced in various cells and tissues of the body. These substances have localized effects and play important roles in regulating physiological processes and maintaining homeostasis. Autacoids are typically synthesized and…
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
Introduction Antineoplastic drugs, also known as anticancer or chemotherapy drugs, are a class of medications used in the treatment of cancer. They are designed to inhibit or destroy cancer cells, preventing their growth, proliferation, and spread within the body. These…
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
Antimicrobial therapy refers to the use of medications or substances to treat infections caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The principles of antimicrobial therapy guide healthcare professionals in selecting and administering appropriate antimicrobial agents. Here are…
INTRODUCTION TO CVS PHARMACOLOGY
Cardiac & Vascular Regulation The major physiological mechanisms regulating cardiac and vascular functions in the body are primarily controlled by the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Here are some key mechanisms involved: Cardiac Cycle: The…
BONE SCAN TECHNIQUE
A bone scan is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used to diagnose and evaluate various bone conditions and diseases. It provides information about the structure, function, and metabolism of bones. The procedure involves the injection of a small amount of…
PHARMACOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Autonomic Cholinergic and Adrenergic pathways These pathways differ in terms of their neurotransmitters, receptor subtypes, neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, release, and the specific drugs that target each pathway. Cholinergic Pathway: Neurotransmitter: The cholinergic pathway primarily uses acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter.…
RENAL ISOTOPE SCAN EXPLANATION
Introduction A renal isotope scan, also known as a renal nuclear medicine scan or renal scintigraphy, is a diagnostic imaging test used to evaluate the structure and function of the kidneys. It involves the use of a small amount of…
INTRODUCTION TO CNS PHARMACOLOGY
Action Potential’s Significance Action potential is a crucial concept in neuroscience that plays a fundamental role in neuronal signaling. It refers to the brief electrical event that occurs in the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) when it is stimulated,…
VENTILATION/PERFUSION SCAN TECHNIQUE
The V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as pulmonary embolism. It involves two components: ventilation and perfusion. Ventilation (V): This component of the scan assesses the airflow in…
DRUG–RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS
Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of how a drug or medication interacts with the body to produce its therapeutic effects. It focuses on understanding the relationship between the concentration of a drug at its site of action and the resulting…
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES
Pharmacology is the scientific discipline that deals with the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. It encompasses various branches that focus on different aspects of drug research, development, and usage. Here are the definitions of the main…
BURNS HISTORY AND FACTORS
Burns have been a part of human history for centuries, and they can occur due to various causes such as flames, scalding liquids, contact with hot surfaces, exposure to chemicals, or even electricity. Here is a brief overview of the…
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT NEONATAL SEPSIS
Neonatal sepsis refers to a systemic infection occurring in newborn infants within the first 28 days of life. It is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Here are the causes, signs, symptoms, and investigations involved in neonates…
EXPLORING THE CAUSES AND TREATMENTS OF NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Neonatal jaundice, also known as neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, refers to the yellowing of a newborn’s skin and eyes due to increased levels of bilirubin in the blood. There are various causes of neonatal jaundice, which can be broadly classified into two…
DIAGNOSING AND TREATING ADRENAL DISORDERS
Adrenal Gland Anatomy The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped endocrine glands located on top of each kidney. They play a crucial role in the body’s stress response and the regulation of various physiological processes. The anatomy of the adrenal glands…
EXPLORING THE BENEFITS OF ANTIPROTOZOAL AND ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS
Malaria Treatment Options Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The treatment of malaria involves the use of various therapeutic options, each with its own mechanisms of action, indications,…
DRUG EVALUATION AND CLINICAL TRIALS
Drug Discovery Process The process of drug discovery and development involves a series of stages that span from the initial discovery of a potential drug to its final approval and market availability. Here’s a general overview of the process: Target…
UNDERSTANDING ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY BASICS
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures and records the electrical activity of the heart. It is a non-invasive and painless test that provides valuable information about the heart’s rhythm and electrical conduction. During an ECG,…
STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH UTERINE CANCER
Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, refers to the cancer that develops in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. There are several types of uterine cancer, including: Endometrioid adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of uterine…
HISTORY TAKING AND PHYSICAL EXAM
Pregnancy History and Analysis Taking a comprehensive history of a present pregnancy, analyzing the main complaint, and gathering information about past obstetrics and gynecology history is crucial for understanding the patient’s medical background and providing appropriate care. Here is a…
TYPES AND PRESENTATION OF ECZEMA
Here are the common types of eczema and their main clinical presentations: Atopic Eczema: Clinical Presentation: Atopic eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic and inflammatory condition that often starts in childhood. It presents as red, itchy, and…
Study Guide
