Introduction The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade), which connect the upper...
Year: 2023
Introduction Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue with a firm and flexible matrix that provides support and...
Introduction The physiology of cardiac muscle involves several key aspects: Contraction: Cardiac muscle contracts rhythmically to pump...
Introduction The cardiac cycle refers to the series of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, including...
Endocarditis Types Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of the heart...
Molecular basis of sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder caused by a...
Introduction Porphyrins are organic molecules that play a crucial role in the formation of heme, a vital...
Blood is a complex bodily fluid with several essential characteristics: Composition: Blood consists of various components, including...
Introduction Hematopoietic (heme) tissue is responsible for producing blood cells, while lymphoid tissue plays a crucial role...
Introduction Antidiarrheal drugs are used to treat diarrhea by slowing down bowel movements and reducing fluid secretion....
Introduction The abdominal cavity is a space within the abdomen that contains various organs like the stomach,...
Arm Muscles & Attachments Here are some of the major muscles attached to the arm and their...
Introduction The heart pumps blood through rhythmic contractions, known as the cardiac cycle. During systole, the heart...
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a region...
Histology of nervous tissue involves studying the microscopic structure of neurons and supporting cells, like glia. Neurons...
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into two main parts: the...
Introduction The hypothalamic-pituitary relationship is a crucial communication link between the brain and the endocrine system. The...
Hormonal control of calcium metabolism involves several key hormones. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by...
Arteriosclerosis: Arteriosclerosis is a general term that refers to the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of...
The respiratory system plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by regulating the levels of carbon...
Ventilation-perfusion ratio, often abbreviated as V/Q ratio, is a critical concept in respiratory physiology that describes the...
BP: Systole, Diastole, Pulse Blood Pressure: Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood against the...
Introduction Plasma lipoproteins are particles that transport lipids, including cholesterol, in the bloodstream. They are composed of...
Liver’s Cholesterol Pool: Input & Output Routes The liver plays a central role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis...
Alveolar ventilation refers to the volume of air that reaches the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the...
Enlarged thyroid gland: Causes & Diagnosis An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as goiter, can be caused...
Pharmacology of thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play crucial roles in regulating...
Gastric Cells & Secretions Here’s a description of various types of gastric cells and their secretions: Parietal...
Introduction The pharmacology of skin involves the study of drugs and their effects on the skin. It...
Introduction The molecular mechanism of contraction in skeletal muscle involves the sliding filament theory. It occurs when...
Neurointervention is a medical field that involves minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the...
Nonvascular interventional radiology refers to a branch of radiology that focuses on minimally invasive procedures performed using...
Vascular Interventional Radiology is a medical specialty that involves performing minimally invasive procedures using imaging guidance to...
Introduction Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive worry, fear, or nervousness....
Basal nuclei, also known as basal ganglia, are a group of nuclei located deep within the brain....
The general sensory pathways for the trunk and limbs involve three main components: receptors, ascending pathways, and...
Equilibrium, also known as balance, is maintained by the vestibular system in the inner ear. It involves...
Ear Structures Explained The ear is a complex sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. It...
Introduction Neurophysiology of vision refers to the complex process by which our brain receives and interprets visual...
Eye Refraction & Indices Light refraction by the eye plays a crucial role in the process of...
Ear’s Ossicular System: Sound Conduction The ossicular system, also known as the ossicles, is a crucial part...
Introduction Drugs of abuse refer to substances that have the potential to be misused or cause addiction...
Eye Coats Structure The eyeball is a complex organ responsible for vision, and it consists of three...
Fat tissue, also known as adipose tissue, is a specialized connective tissue primarily composed of fat cells...
Introduction Gametogenesis refers to the biological process by which specialized cells called gametes are produced in sexually...
Microscopic slide preparation Microscopic slide preparation is a critical process that involves several steps to create a...
In human embryonic development, the third and subsequent weeks up to the eighth week are crucial periods...
Week 1 Embryo Development Major events taking place in the first week The first week of human...
Introduction The cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network of protein filaments that provide structural support, shape,...
GI Ulceration & Drugs: Prevention Several drugs or drug groups are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration. Here...
