To understand the qualitative treatment of the structure of atoms in relation to electric current, we must...
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
The arms of government, also known as the branches of government, refer to the three separate and...
The legislature is a crucial component of any government system, as it is responsible for making laws...
1) Monarchy Monarchy is a form of government in which a single individual, usually referred to as...
Political processes refer to the various mechanisms, institutions, and procedures through which a nation’s government operates, makes...
Governance is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses various elements that work together to ensure the...
The diversity in biological systems and processes on the cellular level is a fundamental characteristic of life...
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are artificial chromosomes used for the cloning and manipulation of DNA in yeast...
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are vectors used to clone DNA fragments in bacteria. They are widely used...
Cosmids and phagemids are both types of hybrid vectors used in molecular biology for cloning and manipulating...
Isoschizomers and neoschizomers are two important concepts in the field of molecular biology, particularly in the study...
Molecular biology is a rapidly evolving field that plays a crucial role in understanding various biological processes,...
Genetic circuits are a set of interconnected genes and regulatory elements that work together to control cellular...
Signal transduction is a critical process that allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment. This...
The Nuclease Protection Assay, also known as the RNase Protection Assay or Ribonuclease Protection Assay, is a...
The gene gun, also known as a biolistic particle delivery system, is a device used to deliver...
1) Protein Stereochemical Analysis Protein stereochemistry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule....
Proteins are essential macromolecules that play a crucial role in various biological processes. They are composed of...
Plant transformation refers to the genetic modification of plants by introducing foreign genes into their genome. This...
Polymerases are enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of long chains of polymers, such as nucleic acids or...
DNA replication is a fundamental process in which a cell’s DNA is copied to produce two identical...
Somaclonal variation refers to the genetic variability that arises in plants regenerated from tissue culture. This phenomenon...
Curt Stern, a renowned geneticist, conducted an influential experiment to investigate the cytological basis of crossing over....
Introduction to Drosophila Sex Determination Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, has been a model...
Nucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bonds within nucleic acids. They play crucial roles in various...
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Automation...
a) Cloning Vectors Cloning vectors are DNA molecules used to “carry” foreign DNA into a host organism,...
Introduction The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay is a powerful molecular biology technique used to detect protein-protein interactions...
DNA polymerase is a key enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process, which is essential...
Nested PCR, or nested polymerase chain reaction, is a modification of the traditional PCR technique that allows...
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely used technique in molecular biology to study protein-DNA interactions within the...
Genetically engineered bacteria-produced insulin, also known as recombinant DNA insulin, is a type of insulin that is...
Insulin is a crucial hormone for managing blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Traditionally, insulin was...
1. Selection Markers One method to determine which host bacterial cells contain the clonal insert is by...
Introduction to Plasmids Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from the chromosomal DNA and...
Reverse transcription is a process in which a single-stranded RNA molecule is used as a template to...
Solution handling, forward and reverse pipetting, and UV-vis spectroscopy calibration are essential techniques used in various fields,...
Performing and interpreting biophysical analyses of a protein with and without bound drugs using the Thermofluor assay...
DNA replication is a fundamental process in all living organisms, essential for the transmission of genetic information...
RNA synthesis, also known as transcription, is the process by which a DNA sequence is used as...
Eukaryotic cells possess a complex and highly regulated process of DNA replication, which is essential for the...
Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria and archaea, possess a simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells. One of...
The central dogma of molecular biology is a framework that describes the flow of genetic information within...
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or...
The dideoxy method of DNA sequencing, also known as Sanger sequencing, is a widely used technique for...
Eukaryotic mRNA genes have a complex structure that includes several key components. The typical structure of a...
Lambert-Beer’s Law, also known as Beer’s Law, is a fundamental concept in the field of spectrophotometry and...
Introduction to Tissue Culture Tissue culture is a widely-used technique in plant and animal biology, as well...
Bacterial transposable elements, also known as transposons, are DNA sequences that have the ability to move from...
The lampbrush chromosome is a highly extended form of a chromosome found in the oocytes (immature egg...
