ACTIVATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND ELONGATION OF THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN IN PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, have a unique process of protein synthesis compared to eukaryotes, such as humans. The process of protein synthesis in prokaryotes involves the activation of amino acids, the formation of an initiation complex, and the elongation of…
NUCLEIC ACIDS AS GENETIC MATERIAL
Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that play a crucial role in the storage and expression of genetic information. They are essential for the continuity of life and are found in all living organisms. The two primary types of nucleic acids…
UNDENIABLE FACTS ABOUT FATTY ACIDS OXIDATION
Introduction Fatty acid oxidation, also known as beta-oxidation, is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in cells to produce energy. It is a crucial pathway for energy production, especially during periods of prolonged exercise, fasting, or…
PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
Introduction to proteins Proteins are complex biomolecules that are essential to all living organisms. They are composed of long chains of amino acids that fold into specific three-dimensional structures, giving them unique functions. In chemistry, proteins are studied at the…
PARTIAL IONIZATION OF WEAK ACIDS AND WEAK BASES
Introduction Partial ionization is a phenomenon that occurs when a weak acid or a weak base is dissolved in water. In this process, only a small fraction of the molecules of the acid or base dissociate into ions. A weak…
ACIDS AND BASES EFFECTS
1) Effects of Acids and Bases on Indicators Acids and bases can have a significant effect on the color of indicators. An indicator is a substance that changes color when it is exposed to an acid or a base. The…
ARRHENIUS CONCEPTS OF ACIDS AND BASES
According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and a base is a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-). In other words, acids are proton…