PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden and often reversible decline in the kidney function, leading to the inability of the kidneys to effectively filter waste products from the blood. The pathophysiology of AKI involves a complex interplay of various…
HOARSENESS OF VOICE, LARYNGEAL TUMORS AND OTITIS EXTERNA
Voice Box Disorders The voice box, or larynx, is a part of the human respiratory system located in the throat. It plays a crucial role in speech production and breathing. The larynx contains various structures, including vocal cords, cartilage, muscles,…
DIAGNOSING AND TREATING ACUTE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to sudden and severe bleeding that occurs in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The upper gastrointestinal tract includes the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). UGIB can…
A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of weakness or loss of muscle tone in one or more limbs. It is often associated with reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes. AFP can result from various…
ACUTE PERIANAL CONDITIONS AND FISSURE-IN-ANO
Acute perianal conditions refer to sudden or rapidly developing conditions that affect the area around the anus, which includes the skin, muscles, and blood vessels. These conditions are often characterized by symptoms such as pain, discomfort, swelling, itching, redness, and…
UNDERSTANDING ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe a group of conditions that result from a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. It is typically caused by the formation of a blood clot…
CHRONIC AND ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS
Introduction Rhinosinusitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It is a common condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, allergies, and anatomical abnormalities. Sinus refers to a…
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ACUTE LEUKEMIAS
Introduction Acute leukemias are a group of aggressive blood cancers that affect the white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting infections and diseases in the body. There are two main types of acute leukemias: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and…