INTERPRETATION OF CARDIAC ENZYMES
Introduction Cardiac enzymes, also known as cardiac biomarkers, are proteins released into the blood when the heart muscle is damaged due to various conditions such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiomyopathy, or other forms of heart disease. The levels of…
CARDIAC MUSCLE METABOLISM UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Introduction Metabolism in the cardiac muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining the heart’s function under both physiological and pathological conditions. Physiological Conditions: Aerobic Metabolism: Under normal, healthy conditions, the cardiac muscle primarily relies on aerobic metabolism, which means it…
CARDIAC MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction The physiology of cardiac muscle involves several key aspects: Contraction: Cardiac muscle contracts rhythmically to pump blood. It’s involuntary and controlled by electrical impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node, spreading through the atria and ventricles. Autorhythmicity: Unlike skeletal muscle,…
THE INCREDIBLE IMPACT OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Introduction The cardiac cycle refers to the series of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, including systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the heart chambers. It consists of the following phases: atrial systole, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric…
PUMPING OF THE HEART AND REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
Introduction The heart pumps blood through rhythmic contractions, known as the cardiac cycle. During systole, the heart contracts, forcing blood out of the chambers into the arteries. During diastole, the heart relaxes, allowing the chambers to fill with blood again.…
TOP FACTS ABOUT CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat or abnormal heart rhythm. The heart normally beats in a regular pattern, but in cases of arrhythmia, the heart may beat too fast, too slow, or in an irregular pattern. This can disrupt…
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