INSIGHTS INTO VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum between the heart’s lower chambers, the ventricles. This opening allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, or in…
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPD AND LEFT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that can have significant effects on the cardiovascular system, including the left ventricle of the heart. The relationship between COPD and left ventricular pressure is complex and multifactorial, involving various…