HOW TO MANAGE INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus does not achieve its expected growth potential while still in the womb. It is characterized by the inability of the fetus to reach its genetically predetermined size and…
PRINCIPLES OF PAIN MANAGEMENT
In medical terms, pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It is a subjective sensation that can vary in intensity, quality, and duration. Pain serves as a protective mechanism that…
PROLONGED PREGNANCY AND INDUCTION OF LABOR
Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term or overdue pregnancy, refers to a condition in which a pregnancy extends beyond the normal gestational period, which is considered to be around 40 weeks from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual…
TIPS FOR DEALING WITH MISCARRIAGES
A miscarriage, also known as a spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive independently outside the womb. It typically occurs during the first 20 weeks of gestation, although the majority of miscarriages…
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated inflammation and damage to the liver cells (hepatocytes). It is considered an autoimmune disorder because the immune system mistakenly attacks the liver cells as if they were foreign substances.…
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