MECHANISM OF LABOR AND CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
Mechanism of labor in first and second stage of labor The mechanisms of labor refer to the physiological changes and processes that occur during the first and second stages of labor. Here’s an overview of the mechanisms involved in each…
MANAGEMENT OF NORMAL LABOR
Stages of Labor The four stages of labor refer to the sequential phases a woman goes through during the process of childbirth. These stages mark the progression of labor from the onset of contractions to the delivery of the placenta.…
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS OVERVIEW
Introduction Hypersensitivity reactions, also known as allergic reactions, occur when the immune system overreacts to a harmless substance in the environment or a foreign substance that enters the body. These reactions can range from mild to severe and can affect…
WAYS TO MANAGE PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects the female reproductive organs. It primarily involves inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, but it can also spread to other parts of the pelvic region. PID is typically caused…
TOP HEADACHE FACTS YOU NEED TO KNOW
A headache is a common medical condition characterized by pain or discomfort in the head or upper neck region. It is one of the most prevalent health complaints and can vary in intensity, duration, and accompanying symptoms. Headaches can have…
PRETERM LABOR AND PRETERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
Preterm labor and PPROM (preterm premature rupture of membranes) are two related medical conditions that can occur during pregnancy and may lead to preterm birth. Preterm labor: Preterm labor refers to the onset of labor before the 37th week of…
A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING ONCOLOGY EMERGENCIES
Emergencies in oncology refer to critical medical situations that require immediate intervention and specialized care in patients with cancer. These emergencies may arise as a result of the primary malignancy itself or as complications of cancer treatment. Prompt recognition and…
NAVIGATING THE CHALLENGES OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
Multiple pregnancies refer to pregnancies where more than one fetus develops in the uterus. There are different types of multiple pregnancies, which are classified based on the number of fetuses and the way they are conceived. The most common types…
CRYSTAL ARTHROPATHY OVERVIEW
Crystal arthropathy, also known as crystal deposition disease, refers to a group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of microscopic crystals within the joints. The most common types of crystal arthropathy are gout and pseudogout, which are caused by the…
HOW TO MANAGE INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus does not achieve its expected growth potential while still in the womb. It is characterized by the inability of the fetus to reach its genetically predetermined size and…
PRINCIPLES OF PAIN MANAGEMENT
In medical terms, pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It is a subjective sensation that can vary in intensity, quality, and duration. Pain serves as a protective mechanism that…
PROLONGED PREGNANCY AND INDUCTION OF LABOR
Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term or overdue pregnancy, refers to a condition in which a pregnancy extends beyond the normal gestational period, which is considered to be around 40 weeks from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual…
TIPS FOR DEALING WITH MISCARRIAGES
A miscarriage, also known as a spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive independently outside the womb. It typically occurs during the first 20 weeks of gestation, although the majority of miscarriages…
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated inflammation and damage to the liver cells (hepatocytes). It is considered an autoimmune disorder because the immune system mistakenly attacks the liver cells as if they were foreign substances.…
POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE AND ITS IMPACT ON MATERNAL HEALTH
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) refers to excessive bleeding following childbirth. It is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are two main classifications of PPH: primary and secondary. Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH): Primary PPH refers to excessive bleeding…
TIPS FOR MANAGING PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia vs Pneumonitis Pneumonia and pneumonitis are both conditions that affect the lungs, but they have distinct definitions and characteristics. Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs. It can be…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO TREATING TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB is a significant global health problem,…
COAGULATION DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
Coagulation disorders in pregnancy refer to abnormalities in the blood clotting process that occur during pregnancy. During pregnancy, the body undergoes significant physiological changes to support fetal development, including changes in the blood coagulation system. These changes are necessary to…
UNDERSTANDING ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe a group of conditions that result from a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. It is typically caused by the formation of a blood clot…
FACTS ABOUT THE UTERINE FIBROID
Leiomyoma, also known as a uterine fibroid, is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. It is one of the most common types of tumors found in the female reproductive system. Leiomyomas can…
GENITAL PROLAPSE RISK FACTORS
Genital prolapse refers to the descent or sagging of pelvic organs such as the uterus, bladder, or rectum into the vaginal canal. While the exact cause of genital prolapse is often multifactorial, there are several risk factors that can increase…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO MALPRESENTATION
Malpresentation refers to an abnormal positioning or placement of the fetus during pregnancy, particularly during labor and delivery. Normally, a fetus is expected to be in a head-down position with the head pointing towards the birth canal, which is known…
SURGICAL PLEURAL DISORDERS
Pathophysiology of pneumothorax and its management Pneumothorax refers to the presence of air in the pleural space, the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This air accumulation can lead to the collapse of the lung on the affected…
RECOGNIZING ASTHMA TRIGGERS
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It is a common condition that affects the bronchial tubes, which carry air…
A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING HYPOTONIA
Hypotonia, also known as low muscle tone, is a condition characterized by reduced muscle strength and poor muscle tone. It can affect children and adults and may be caused by various factors. Identifying the exact cause of hypotonia in a…
CATARACTS AND VISION LOSS
A cataract is a medical condition characterized by the clouding of the lens in the eye, leading to a decrease in vision. The lens, located behind the iris, plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina for clear…
FACTS ABOUT ELECTROLYTES IN BODY FLUIDS
Potassium Homeostasis Physiology Electrolytes are electrically charged ions that play a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. They help maintain proper cell function, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. The major serum electrolytes include potassium…
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Antiviral agents are a class of medications used to treat viral infections. They work by targeting specific components of the viral life cycle, either inhibiting viral replication or preventing the virus from entering host cells. Antiviral agents can be used…
THE IMPACT OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS ON YOUR HEALTH
Introduction Antifungal agents, also known as antifungals, are medications used to treat and prevent fungal infections. Fungal infections can occur on the skin, nails, hair, or inside the body. Antifungal agents work by either killing the fungi directly (fungicidal) or…
EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy refers to the use of drugs to treat various types of cancer and other medical conditions. These drugs, known as chemotherapeutic agents, work by interfering with the cell division and growth of cancer cells, thereby reducing or eliminating them…
CONGENITAL CNS MALFORMATION
The most common congenital malformation of the central nervous system (CNS) is neural tube defects (NTDs). NTDs occur due to incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. The two most prevalent types of NTDs are spina bifida and…
THIGH MUSCLES, FEMORAL TRIANGLE AND SUBSARTORIAL CANAL
Muscles of the thigh The thigh is composed of numerous muscles that are responsible for various movements and functions. Here is a list of the major muscles of the thigh: Quadriceps Femoris Group: Rectus Femoris: Located in the front of…
THE IMPACT OF ANALGESIA AND ANESTHESIA IN LABOR
Introduction Analgesia and anesthesia are both medical terms used to describe the suppression or relief of pain. While they are related concepts, they have distinct meanings and applications. Analgesia refers to the reduction or elimination of pain sensations. It can…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
Introduction Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to the occurrence of bleeding from the birth canal after the 20th week of pregnancy and before the birth of the baby. It is also known as third-trimester bleeding. APH is a potentially serious condition…
THE LATEST ADVANCES IN MAMMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY
Breast Anatomy Basics The breast is a glandular organ located on the front of the chest in both males and females, although it is more developed in females. It consists of specialized structures that are involved in milk production and…
EXPLORING THE CAUSES AND TREATMENTS OF MENINGITIS
Meningitis Pathogens by Age Acute meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by an infection. The pathogens causing acute meningitis can vary depending on the age group. Here’s a list of…
MANAGEMENT OF DRUG POISONING
Drug poisoning refers to the harmful or toxic effects that occur when an individual takes or is exposed to a substance in excessive amounts or in a manner that is not intended. It typically involves the ingestion, inhalation, injection, or…
PLASTIC SURGERY PRINCIPLES
Plastic surgery is a medical specialty that involves the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. Plastic surgeons utilize a combination of surgical techniques and artistic principles to enhance the appearance of individuals and improve their quality of life.…
THINGS YOU PROBABLY DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
Perioperative management refers to the comprehensive care and coordination provided to a patient before, during, and after a surgical procedure. It encompasses a range of activities and interventions aimed at optimizing patient outcomes and ensuring a smooth transition through all…
UNDENIABLE FACTS ABOUT FATTY ACIDS OXIDATION
Introduction Fatty acid oxidation, also known as beta-oxidation, is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in cells to produce energy. It is a crucial pathway for energy production, especially during periods of prolonged exercise, fasting, or…
THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO GLOBULAR PROTEIN
Globular proteins are a type of protein with a characteristic three-dimensional structure that is compact and roughly spherical in shape. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including enzymatic reactions, signaling, transport, and immune responses. The structure of globular…
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology that deals with the study of hormones and their role in the regulation of various bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by specialized glands in the body, called endocrine glands. These…
UNDERSTANDING VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Introduction Valvular heart disease refers to any condition that affects the valves of the heart. The heart has four valves: the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary valve. These valves help regulate the flow of blood through the…
HOW STAINING ENHANCES MICROSCOPY VISIBILITY
Bright field microscopy is a widely used technique in which organisms or cells are stained to enhance their visibility and improve contrast for observation under a microscope. The staining process involves applying colored dyes or stains to the sample, which…
FACTS ABOUT VIRAL INFECTIONS
Viral classification and characteristics properties Viral classification is the process of organizing viruses into different groups based on their shared characteristics and properties. It allows scientists to better understand the diversity of viruses and their relationships to one another. Here…
EXPLORING ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN NEURORADIOLOGY
Introduction Neuroradiology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), head, neck, and associated blood vessels using medical imaging techniques. It combines the fields…
HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE SIGNS OF HEPATITIS
Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by various factors such as viral infections, alcohol consumption, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications or toxins. Hepatitis Epidemiology Overview Hepatitis is a viral infection that affects the…
AN INTRODUCTION TO STEROIDOGENESIS
Introduction Steroidogenesis is the process by which steroids are synthesized in the body. Steroids are a class of organic compounds that include hormones such as cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. These hormones play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including metabolism,…
UNVEILING THE MYSTERY OF VASCULITIS
Vasculitis refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, resulting in damage to the vessel walls. This inflammation can affect blood vessels of varying sizes, including small, medium, and large arteries, veins, and capillaries. The condition…
TIPS FOR MANAGING OVARIAN CANCER SYMPTOMS
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, which are the reproductive organs in females responsible for producing eggs and female hormones. Ovarian cancer occurs when cells in the ovaries undergo genetic mutations that cause them…
Study Guide
