The most common congenital malformation of the central nervous system (CNS) is neural tube defects (NTDs). NTDs...
Year: 2023
Muscles of the thigh The thigh is composed of numerous muscles that are responsible for various movements...
Introduction Analgesia and anesthesia are both medical terms used to describe the suppression or relief of pain....
Introduction Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to the occurrence of bleeding from the birth canal after the 20th...
Breast Anatomy Basics The breast is a glandular organ located on the front of the chest in...
Meningitis Pathogens by Age Acute meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and...
Drug poisoning refers to the harmful or toxic effects that occur when an individual takes or is...
Plastic surgery is a medical specialty that involves the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body....
Perioperative management refers to the comprehensive care and coordination provided to a patient before, during, and after...
Introduction Fatty acid oxidation, also known as beta-oxidation, is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are...
Globular proteins are a type of protein with a characteristic three-dimensional structure that is compact and roughly...
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology that deals with the study of hormones and their...
Introduction Valvular heart disease refers to any condition that affects the valves of the heart. The heart...
Bright field microscopy is a widely used technique in which organisms or cells are stained to enhance...
Viral classification and characteristics properties Viral classification is the process of organizing viruses into different groups based...
Introduction Neuroradiology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions...
Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by various factors such as...
Introduction Steroidogenesis is the process by which steroids are synthesized in the body. Steroids are a class...
Vasculitis refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, resulting in damage to...
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, which are the reproductive organs...
Vision Basics Refraction: Refraction refers to the bending of light as it passes from one medium to...
Posttranslational modifications of proteins Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are covalent modifications that occur on proteins after translation, altering...
Hemoptysis is a medical term used to describe the coughing up of blood that originates from the...
Introduction Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood. Platelets are...
Transplantation surgery, also known as organ transplantation, is a medical procedure in which a diseased or damaged...
Arthritis is a term used to describe a group of diseases that primarily affect the joints in...
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the irreversible scarring and fibrosis of the...
Dermatology is the medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of...
Bone Structure: Collagen & Hydroxyapatite Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic connective tissue that provides structural...
Blood Cell Identification Criteria When identifying blood cells, several criteria are considered to distinguish different types of...
Introduction Oncological emergencies refer to critical situations that arise in individuals with cancer, which require immediate medical...
Purine Synthesis Biochemical Steps Purine synthesis is a biochemical pathway responsible for the de novo synthesis of...
Pyrimidine Synthesis Steps Pyrimidine synthesis is a complex biochemical process that occurs in the body to produce...
Common Pediatric Orthopedic Conditions Pediatric orthopedics is a specialized branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis,...
Uveitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye....
Contrast media, also known as contrast agents or contrast dyes, are substances used in medical imaging procedures...
Introduction An intestinal stoma is a surgical opening created on the abdominal wall that connects a part...
Menorrhagia is a medical term used to describe abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding in women. It...
Pathophysiology of Pleural Effusion Pleural effusion refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space,...
In Vitro vs In Vivo Bacterial Growth The growth of bacteria can occur in two primary settings:...
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic tool used to measure the electrical activity of the...
Introduction Urinalysis and urine culture are two diagnostic tests used to evaluate the health and function of...
Skin commensals and pathogens Cultural Characteristics of Skin Commensals: Diversity: The human skin harbors a diverse array...
Introduction An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. It...
Introduction A spinal injury refers to any damage or trauma that occurs to the spinal cord, which...
Mechanism of action of peptide hormones Peptide hormones are a class of hormones that consist of short...
Thyrotoxicosis & Graves’ Disease Thyrotoxicosis refers to a condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone levels in the...
Thyroid hormone biosynthesis Thyroid hormone biosynthesis is a complex process that occurs in the thyroid gland. The...
Introduction The process of labor, also known as childbirth, is a complex and intricate mechanism that allows...
Normal vaginal delivery, also known as spontaneous vaginal delivery, is the process of giving birth to a...
