CRUCIAL INSIGHTS INTO INFECTIOUS LIVER DISORDERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH
Introduction Infectious disorders of the liver encompass a wide range of conditions caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. These disorders can lead to acute or chronic liver inflammation, potentially resulting in severe liver damage and…
MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS AND INHERITANCE
Overview of Multifactorial disorders Multifactorial disorders, also known as complex disorders, are conditions that result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These disorders are characterized by their complex inheritance patterns, where multiple genes and environmental factors interact to…
APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH LYMPHADENOPATHY, LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE AND PLASMA CELL DISORDERS
Introduction to Lymphadenopathy Lymphadenopathy refers to the enlargement or swelling of lymph nodes, which are small bean-shaped structures found throughout the body. Lymph nodes play a crucial role in the immune system by filtering lymph fluid and trapping harmful substances…
MANAGING AND TREATING EYELID DISORDERS
Introduction Eyelid disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the eyelids, which are the thin folds of skin that cover and protect the eyes. These disorders can vary in severity and may cause discomfort, visual disturbances, or…
DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF THE MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
Structure and function of male and female genital tract The male and female genital tracts are complex systems that play crucial roles in reproduction. While there are some similarities between the two, there are also distinct differences in their structure…
VITAMIN A AND ITS RELATED DISORDERS
Structure and Forms of Vitamin A Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining good health. It is an essential nutrient that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet or…
A CLOSER LOOK AT MENDELIAN DISORDERS
Mendelian disorders are genetic conditions that follow the principles of Mendel’s laws of inheritance. These principles state that traits are inherited in a predictable manner and that each parent contributes one allele (a version of a gene) to their offspring.…
SINGLE-GENE DISORDERS WITH NONCLASSIC INHERITANCE
Introduction Single-Gene Disorders with Nonclassic Inheritance refer to a group of genetic disorders that are caused by mutations in a single gene and exhibit inheritance patterns that deviate from the classical Mendelian inheritance. These disorders are characterized by atypical patterns…
LATE PREGNANCY DISORDERS
Introduction Late pregnancy, generally defined as the period beyond 20 weeks of gestation, can be associated with various disorders and complications. Some common disorders of late pregnancy include: Gestational Diabetes: This condition can develop during pregnancy and affects blood sugar…
MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEMOGLOBIN DISORDERS
Molecular basis of sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, specifically in the β-globin chain, resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS). This mutation…
UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS
Introduction Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive worry, fear, or nervousness. They can include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias, among others. These disorders can significantly impact a…
RETINA AND VITREOUS DISORDERS
Introduction Retina and vitreous disorders refer to a variety of conditions that affect the retina and the vitreous humor, which is the gel-like substance that fills the back of the eye. These disorders can have a significant impact on vision…
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DISC AND DEGENERATIVE SPINAL DISORDERS
Introduction Diagnosis and management of disc and degenerative spinal disorders are essential for providing appropriate treatment and improving patients’ quality of life. Here’s an overview of the process: Diagnosis: Medical History: The first step is to take a detailed medical…
ALOPECIA, HIRSUTISM AND NAIL DISORDERS
Alopecia Types Explained Alopecia is a general term used to describe hair loss or baldness. There are various clinical types of alopecia, which can be broadly categorized into four main types based on their characteristics: Diffuse Alopecias: Diffuse alopecias involve…
SOMATOFORM AND FACTITIOUS DISORDERS
Somatoform and factitious disorders are two distinct categories of psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms or complaints. Although they both involve physical symptoms, they differ in terms of their underlying causes and the motivations of the individuals experiencing them. Here’s…
DIAGNOSING AND TREATING ADRENAL DISORDERS
Adrenal Gland Anatomy The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped endocrine glands located on top of each kidney. They play a crucial role in the body’s stress response and the regulation of various physiological processes. The anatomy of the adrenal glands…
COAGULATION DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
Coagulation disorders in pregnancy refer to abnormalities in the blood clotting process that occur during pregnancy. During pregnancy, the body undergoes significant physiological changes to support fetal development, including changes in the blood coagulation system. These changes are necessary to…
SURGICAL PLEURAL DISORDERS
Pathophysiology of pneumothorax and its management Pneumothorax refers to the presence of air in the pleural space, the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This air accumulation can lead to the collapse of the lung on the affected…
DRUGS USED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Introduction There are several types of drugs commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. These medications are primarily aimed at reducing the symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. The specific medication prescribed…
UNDERSTANDING MOVEMENT DISORDERS
Movement Disorder Symptoms Movement disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the body’s motor system. While specific symptoms can vary depending on the type and underlying cause of the movement disorder, there are several…
MALIGNANT BREAST DISORDERS
Breast Cancer Risk Factors Breast cancer is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors, some of which can be modified or managed, while others cannot be changed. Here are several risk factors associated with breast cancer: Gender: Being female…
BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS
Major types of breast lumps There are several major types of breast lumps that can occur in both women and men. It’s important to note that not all breast lumps are cancerous, and many of them are benign (non-cancerous) in…
FACTS ABOUT SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Psychosis definition Psychosis refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by a loss of touch with reality. It is a condition that affects a person’s thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and behavior, and can make it difficult for them to function in…
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
Psychosomatic disorders are physical conditions or illnesses that are thought to have been caused, at least in part, by psychological or emotional factors. In other words, they are disorders that result from the interaction between the mind and body. These…
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Introduction Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive and inflexible patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions that significantly impair a person’s functioning and relationships with others. There are several types of personality disorders, and they…
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING SLEEP DISORDERS
Introduction Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the quality, timing, and duration of sleep. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, such as underlying medical conditions, lifestyle habits, and environmental factors. There are several…
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HYPERCOAGULABLE DISORDERS
Introduction Hypercoagulable disorders, also known as thrombophilias, are medical conditions characterized by an increased tendency to form blood clots. Blood clotting is a natural process that helps the body to prevent excessive bleeding after injury. However, in people with hypercoagulable…
UNBELIEVABLE FACTS ABOUT CONGENITAL BLEEDING DISORDERS AND DIC
Introduction Congenital bleeding disorders are conditions that affect the body’s ability to form blood clots. These disorders can be caused by genetic mutations that affect the production or function of clotting factors in the blood. Examples of congenital bleeding disorders…
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
Introduction Hemodynamic disorders are a group of medical conditions that occur as a result of abnormal blood flow through the body’s blood vessels. These disorders can arise from changes in the blood vessels themselves or alterations in the heart’s pumping…
Study Guide
