PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF GAS EXCHANGE
Introduction Gas exchange refers to the process by which oxygen is taken in from the air and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. This process primarily occurs in the lungs and involves several physical principles, including diffusion, partial pressure…
HISTORY TAKING AND PHYSICAL EXAM
Pregnancy History and Analysis Taking a comprehensive history of a present pregnancy, analyzing the main complaint, and gathering information about past obstetrics and gynecology history is crucial for understanding the patient’s medical background and providing appropriate care. Here is a…
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IDEOLOGIES
There are several different ideologies that have shaped physical education throughout history. Here are some of the most notable ones: Humanism: This ideology emphasizes the importance of developing the whole person, including their physical, emotional, and social well-being. In physical…
HEALTH AND PERSONAL HYGIENE
Introduction Health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is important to maintain good health as it allows individuals to perform their daily activities with ease…
RECREATION
Recreation in physical education refers to any activity that is undertaken for enjoyment, relaxation, and rejuvenation of the body and mind. It involves engaging in physical activities that are not only fun but also have health benefits. Recreation activities may…
THE ALL AFRICAN GAMES
Introduction The All African Games, also known as the African Olympics, is a multi-sport event that takes place every four years, bringing together athletes from across the African continent. The event was first held in 1965 in Brazzaville, Congo, and…
PHYSICAL FITNESS
Physical fitness refers to the overall state of an individual’s health and well-being, with respect to their physical abilities and attributes. It is a measure of an individual’s ability to perform physical tasks and activities, without undue fatigue, and with…
CONTINUATION OF INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES
Mention Differences between intramural and extramural activities Intramural activities are those that occur within a single institution or organization, such as a school or company, while extramural activities occur outside of the institution or organization. Here are some differences between…
GREEK FESTIVALS AND THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Greek festivals and the Olympic Games are both important cultural and sporting events in ancient Greek history. Greek festivals, also known as “panhellenic festivals,” were celebrated throughout the Greek world to honor various gods and goddesses. The most famous of…
TRADITIONAL SPORTS IN WEST AFRICA
Traditional sports in West Africa have a rich and diverse history, dating back thousands of years. These sports were an important part of the region’s cultural heritage, providing a way for communities to come together, celebrate their traditions, and compete…
INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES AND THE TOURNAMENT
Definition of Intramural Activities Intramural activities are organized sports, games, and other recreational activities that are held within a specific organization or community, such as a school, workplace, or neighborhood. These activities are typically organized and overseen by a designated…
PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
The philosophy of physical education concerns the nature, purpose, and value of physical education. It is concerned with the fundamental beliefs and principles that guide the development and delivery of physical education programs. One key aspect of the philosophy of…
BASEBALL
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME Baseball is a popular sport that is mostly played in North America but has grown in popularity worldwide over time. The various bat-and-ball games that were played in England in the 18th century are…
TENNIQUOIT
Origin and Development The game of tenniquoit, also known as Tennequoit or Teniquoit, is similar to horseshoes and quoits. In the 16th century, it was known as “clay-pigeon shooting” or “clay-pigeon flinging” in Scotland. Throwing round, flat stones or clay…
BASKETBALL
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Basketball was invented at Springfield College in 1891 in the U.S.A. by Dr. James A. Naismith who was a physical education teacher. The game became an Olympic Sport in 1936. Since its creation, the game has become…
HOCKEY
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Hockey as a game has a very long history and even dates back to the days of the early Greek history. During this early time the game was played with hooked sticks. The game was brought to…
PHYSICAL EDUCATION DURING DARK AGES
The Roman Empire gradually declined and finally fell in 476 A.D. as a result of the Barbarian invasion from the north of Italy. The fall of the Roman Empire ushered in a period in history known as the Dark Ages,…
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT EGYPT Egypt is a country that is well-situated on the Nile Valleys and the River Nile has provided water for the irrigation of Egyptian farms from ancient times. If you look at the map of Africa…
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN MODERN EUROPE
The fall of the Roman Empire led to the period of ignorance which is known in history as the Dark Ages. After several centuries, people realized the importance of physical fitness for the defence of the State and devised several…
CAMPING AND OUTDOOR EDUCATION
WHAT IS OUTDOOR EDUCATION? Outdoor education, which includes camping, is a broad-based education process that takes place in the open and natural environment, and exposes learners to different types of activities and experiences involving nature study, hiking, gardening, camping, arts,…
PHYSICAL SETTING OF NIGERIA
The main physical features are the geology, relief and drainage systems. They are examined generally and on regional basis. Geology The geology of Nigeria shows that the rocks found in the country range from the PreCambrian and Quaternary geological…
PHYSICAL SETTING OF AFRICA
The physical setting of Africa is defined by its relief, drainage, climate and vegetation, among others. These factors define Africa’s physical environment and they are important influences on patterns of human activity on the continent. The physical environment affects such…
POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES
Man cannot survive without water. The low population densities in the desert natural region is because of the water deficiency which renders vast areas of land uninhabitable. The sources of water include oceans, rivers, lakes, rainfall and groundwater. Unfortunately, man…
COASTAL FEATURES OF EROSION
1) Capes and bays: On exposed coasts, the continual action of waves on rocks of varying resistance causes the coastline to be eroded irregularly. This is particularly pronounced where hard rocks, e.g. granites and limestones, occur in alternate bands with…
THE MECHANISM OF MARINE EROSION
The most powerful agents of marine erosion are waves. Their origin is due to the sweeping of winds over the water surface, which sets a series of undulating swells surging forward. These become higher and swifter. A normal wave in…
THE ACTION OF WAVES, TIDES AND CURRENTS
The action of the wind passing over a stretch of sea causes waves to develop and when the waves reach the coast they cause erosion or deposition. Wind passing over water sets up turbulences, which causes ripples and then waves…
RIVER REGIMES
The seasonal variation in the volume of water in a river is known as the regime. A knowledge of the regime of a river is important to man in controlling possible floods, storing up water for irrigation and human consumption,…
GREAT CIRCLE ROUTES
Since the earth is spherical in shape, the shortest distance between any two points on the globe lies along its circumference. There are an infinite number of great circles of equal length running around the globe, e.g. the circle formed…
THE TROPICAL MONSOON AND TROPICAL MARINE LANDS
Distribution Some parts of the world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breeze but on a much larger scale. These are the tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in the summer and off- shore dry monsoons in the…
THE EQUATORIAL REGIONS
Distribution The equatorial, hot, wet climate is found between 5° and 10° north and south of the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the lowlands of the Amazon, the Congo, Malaysia and the East Indies. Further away from the…
THE ARCTIC OR POLAR CLIMATE
Distribution The polar type of climate and vegetation is found mainly north of the Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere. The ice caps are confined to Greenland and to the highlands of these high-latitude regions, where the ground is permanently…
EARTH ENERGY SYSTEM
Insolation The only source of energy for the earth’s atmosphere is the sun which has a surface temperature of more than 5982°C (10 800°F). The energy travels through space for a distance of 150 million km (93 million miles) and…
LANDFORMS OF GLACIATED LOWLANDS
Landforms of glaciated lowlands are mainly depositional in nature, brought about by both valley glacier and continental ice sheets. The former leave behind the eroded material in only restricted areas. The imprint of ice sheets on the landscape is far…
LANDFORMS OF HIGHLAND GLACIATION
Glaciation generally gives rise to erosional features in the highlands and depositional features on the lowlands, though these processes are not not mutually mu exclusive because a glacier plays a combined role of erosion, transport and deposition throughout its course.…
THE ICE AGE
During the earth’s history, there have been many changes in the pattern of climatic regions. The most recent change came about as a result of a fall in temperature over the whole of the earth’s surface, so that the area…
CLIMATIC EFFECTS OF OCEAN CURRENTS
1) Temperatures: Coastlands with warm currents offshore tend to have mild climates for their latitudes. Coastlands with cold currents off-shore are cooler than they would otherwise be. The effect of a warm current off-shore is especially pronounced if the prevailing…
THE CIRCULATION OF THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEAN
The Circulation of the Pacific Ocean The pattern of circulation in the Pacific is similar to that of the Atlantic except in modifications which can be expected from the greater size and the more open nature of the Pacific. The…
THE CIRCULATION OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
Let us now study more closely the circulation of ocean currents in the Atlantic Ocean. We shall begin with the North and South Equatorial Current at the equator. The steady Trade Winds constantly drift two streams of water from east…
THE MOVEMENT OF OCEAN CURRENTS
Ocean currents are large masses of surface water that circulate in regular patterns around the oceans, as shown in the world map in Fig. 12.9. Those that flow from equatorial regions polewards have a higher surface temperature and are warm…
THE TEMPERATURE OF OCEAN WATER
Like land masses, ocean water varies in temperature from place to place both at the surface and at great depths. Since water warms up and cools down much more slowly than the land, the annual range of temperature in any…
SALINITY OF THE OCEAN
Almost every known chemical element can be found in varying proportions in the oceans whose most characteristic feature is their salinity, in contrast to the fresh water of lakes and streams. All sea water of which sodium chloride or common…
THE RELIEF OF THE OCEAN
The ocean basins are in many ways similar to the land surface. There are submarine ridges, plateaux, canyons, plains and trenches. A section drawn across an ocean (Fig. 12.4) illustrates the typical submarine relief features. 1) The continental…
EXPLORING THE OCEANS
The oceans occupy more than 70 per cent or 364 million sq km (140 million square miles) of the earth’s total area of 510 million sq km (197 million square miles). They have tremendous development potential. Besides being a source…
LANDFORMS DUE TO WATER ACTION IN THE DESERTS
Wind erosion, transportation and deposition are most effective and widespread in desert regions, but few deserts in the world are entirely without rain or water. In some deserts, there are perennial rivers such as the Nile in Egypt which has…
LANDFORMS OF WIND DEPOSITION IN DESERTS
Materials that have been eroded and transported by winds must come to rest somewhere. The finest dust travels enormous distances in the air, and may be moved completely out of the desert. It has been estimated that some dust grains…
LANDFORMS OF WIND EROSION IN DESERTS
In the combined processes of abrasion, deflation and attrition, a wealth of characteristic desert landforms emerge. 1) Rock pedestals or mushroom rocks: The sand-blasting effect of winds against any projecting rock masses wear back the softer layer so that an…
THE MECHANISM OF ARID EROSION
Arid landforms are as a result of many combined factors, one reacting upon the other. Insufficient rainfall, often less than 127 mm (5 inches), coming at most irregular periods, coupled with very high temperatures (31°C/87°F, is the average) and a…
TYPE OF DESERTS
About a fifth of the world’s land is made up of deserts, some rocky, others stony and the rest sandy. Deserts that are absolutely barren and where nothing grows at all are rare and they are better known as ‘true…
IRON AND STEEL
Nature, properties and uses Iron is the commonest, cheapest and most versatile of all metals. It is, in fact, the basis of the modern industrial complex, About 90 percent of the world’s iron ore is used in the making of…
ELECTRICITY
Of the power sources, electricity is the cheapest. It is not exhaustible like coal or petroleum but is renewable. The French have aptly described it as ‘white coal’. There are two different sources of electricity. That which is derived from…
Study Guide
