HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES
Man cannot survive without water. The low population densities in the desert natural region is because of the water deficiency which renders vast areas of land uninhabitable. The sources of water include oceans, rivers, lakes, rainfall and groundwater. Unfortunately, man…
NIGERIA’S TRADE AND COMMERCE
Trade is the selling and buying of goods and services between areas and peoples. Trade can be local, interregional or international. Nigeria is involved in all these types of trade. The term commerce” is used to cover all forms of…
PRIMARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN AFRICA
Africa’s primary economic activities depend essentially on primary activities, which are associated with the natural resources that abound in the continent. The main primary economic activities are mining, forest exploitation/lumbering, fishing and livestock rearing. Mining Activities Africa is blessed…
THE TROPICAL MONSOON AND TROPICAL MARINE LANDS
Distribution Some parts of the world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breeze but on a much larger scale. These are the tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in the summer and off- shore dry monsoons in the…
THE EQUATORIAL REGIONS
Distribution The equatorial, hot, wet climate is found between 5° and 10° north and south of the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the lowlands of the Amazon, the Congo, Malaysia and the East Indies. Further away from the…
THE ARCTIC OR POLAR CLIMATE
Distribution The polar type of climate and vegetation is found mainly north of the Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere. The ice caps are confined to Greenland and to the highlands of these high-latitude regions, where the ground is permanently…
WORLD INDUSTRIAL AREAS
Having examined the various factors which contribute to the location of industrial districts, we shall now look at the major industrial regions of the world. It is no surprise that the greatest industrial areas are located in Western Europe and…
THE RISE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Man’s universal demand for food, clothing, shelter and other comforts of life has prompted the creation of many new things. Foods are preserved or canned to last longer. Modern homes have telephones, television sets, refrigerators, washing machines and other luxuries.…
IRON AND STEEL
Nature, properties and uses Iron is the commonest, cheapest and most versatile of all metals. It is, in fact, the basis of the modern industrial complex, About 90 percent of the world’s iron ore is used in the making of…
ELECTRICITY
Of the power sources, electricity is the cheapest. It is not exhaustible like coal or petroleum but is renewable. The French have aptly described it as ‘white coal’. There are two different sources of electricity. That which is derived from…
PETROLEUM
Petroleum is mineral oil, organic in origin, and occurs in the pore spaces of sedimentary rocks. It is derived from the decomposition of marine or vegetative matter. It normally occurs in dome-shaped anticilines, between layers of non-porous rocks. The oil…
COAL
Coal, comprising mainly carbon of vegetative origin, is one of the oldest forms of power. It provided the basis for the Industrial Revolution. Its importance as both fuel and raw material was greatly enhanced with the invention of the steam…
INTRODUCTION TO MINING AND POWER
Minerals are natural, chemical substances which make up the rocks of the earth’s crust. They have certain physical and chemical properties that differentiate them from one another. There are well over 2 000 known minerals scattered very unevenly throughout the…
LAKES AND MAN
A careful examination of the lakes of the world will reveal their immense human significance. In countries where they are found in abundance, such as Finland, Canada, U.S.A ., Sweden and the East African States, lakes, together with other inland…
COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA
Commercial activities involves the buying, selling and distribution of goods and services in Nigeria. It involves trading, transportation and communication within and outside the country. Types of Commercial Activities The types of Commercial activities in Nigeria include the followings:…
HUMAN RESOURCES
All resources of the environment are usually organised by man for optimum use. The ability of man to make the best use of these resources depends on his level of education, technology and culture. Factors which Determine the Size…
PROBLEMS OF TOURISM IN NIGERIA
Some of the major problems facing tourism development in Nigeria include the following: Inadequate funding: In Nigeria, the tourism industry is poorly funded. Poor funding has led to the poor development of the sub-sector. lack of access roads: In Nigeria,…
JUSTIFICATION FOR TOURISM
Tourism is an activity done by an individual or a group of individuals, which leads to the movement from one place to another or a country to another for performing a specific a specific task or a visit to a…
PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES OF A TOWN
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A TOWN The physical features of a town include : Relief, vegetation, climate and drainage. Relief: Relief of a town may either be on a lowland and fairly on plateau e.g. Jos. Majority of the towns are…
PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES OF A VILLAGE
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A VILLAGE The physical features of a village include: Relief, vegetation, climate and drainage. Relief: Relief refers to the surface features of the land above the sea level. Relief may be grouped into two main classes which…
METHODS AND IMPORTANCE OF LAND RECLAMATION
METHODS OF LAND RECLAMATION There are various methods of land reclamation. These include the following: Afforestation: Afforestation is the process of establishing forest plantations in an area. In Nigeria, it is popularly referred to as tree planting campaign in which…
REASONS FOR LAND RECLAMATION
There are many reasons why people embark on land reclamation. Some of the reasons are: Insufficient land: People embark on Land reclamation because of small size of their land. In order to expand the existing land, they therefore embark on…
MAJOR TOURIST CENTRES IN NIGERIA
1) Azumini Blue River Rose: Azumini Blue River Rose is located in Abia State towards its boundary with Akwa lbom State. The River has become a resort for tourists because of the pleasantness it offers. The attractive features of the…
COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA
Communication is the process of exchanging or transmission of meaningful information, feelings, opinions and ideas from one person to another or from one place to another. It is a two-way process which involves sending and receiving of messages. Communication has…
WORLD TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is defined as the movement of people, goods and commodities from one place to another either by land, water or by air. In other words, transportation is the movement of people, goods and services from place to the other.…
HERDSMEN – FARMER CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Historical tensions between Nigeria’s pastoralist and farmers have intensified in recent years. Dwindling forage resources and water availability greatly contribute to the conflicts. The urgent requirement is to engage the extension specialists with, rather than isolate, pastoralists from the various…
LOCAL GEOGRAPHY
Local Geography involves the study of our immediate environment. In other words, it involves the study of both physical and socio-cultural aspects of the locality. The physical aspect includes mountains, lowlands, valleys, rivers, vegetation, climate, etc. The socio-cultural aspect includes…
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS OF TOWNS
Towns are classified according to certain functions they perform. Certain towns may perform more than one function but some are known for a particular function as stated below: Market towns: These are mainly trading centres based on commerce e.g. Onitsha,…
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO SIZE
The size of settlement refers to the number of people per settlement. The smallest settlement in terms of size is the homestead while the largest is megalopolis. On the basis of size, the following settlements are recognized with their characteristics.…
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO PATTERN OR SHAPE
The pattern or shape of settlement refers to the arrangement of buildings in a settlement. The main patterns of settlements include: Dispersed (scattered) settlement. Linear settlement. Nucleated or Dense settlement. Isolated settlement. DISPERSED (SCATTERED) SETTLEMENT The buildings are scattered…
WORLD SETTLEMENTS
Settlement is a collection of buildings with people living in them. It is a centre for human activities and it consists of houses, communication networks, roads, tracks, railways etc. It could be one house, a group of houses, a village,…
MIGRATION
Migration is defined as the movement of people from one geographical area to another, involving permanent or temporary residence or settlement. In migration, the region where people are leaving is called the source region while the region where people are…
PATTERN OF WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Pattern of world population distribution is grouped into three. These are: The very densely populated parts of the world. The moderately populated parts of the world. The very sparsely populated parts of the world. THE VERY DENSELY POPULATED PARTS…
WORLD TRADE
Trade refers to the buying and selling or exchange of goods and services between one region and another in the same country or between one country and another. The former is called internal trade while the latter is called international…
WORLD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing industry refers to the turning of both organic and inorganic raw materials and substances into finished or new products by mechanical or chemical processes at home (cottage) or in the factory. Processing industries: These are industries that are directly…
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF WEST AFRICA
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) may be defined as sub-regional organization formed by West African countries mainly to promote co-operation and development in all economic fields and of contributing to the progress and development of the African continent.…
TOURISM IN NIGERIA
Tourism can be defined as the process or act which involves people visiting places of interest where they can relax, derive pleasure and entertainment. Tourism is also the act of discovering the free gift of nature and how man prevents…
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Population distribution means the pattern of where people live. World population distribution is uneven. Population distribution is perhaps the most essential of all geographic expressions, because the ways in which people have organized themselves in space at any given time…
WORLD POPULATION
Population means the number of people in a geographic area. It can also be used for subgroups of people or animals. Population is also the number or body of inhabitants in a place belonging to a specific social, cultural, socioeconomic,…
