HOW TO COPE WITH DEPRESSION
Introduction Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable. It can also cause physical symptoms such as fatigue, changes in appetite or…
WHAT EVERY WOMAN NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT AMENORRHEA
Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence of menstrual periods in a woman of reproductive age. There are two types of amenorrhea: Primary amenorrhea: This type of amenorrhea occurs when a girl has not started menstruating by the…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING PUERPERIUM
Introduction Puerperium refers to the period after childbirth during which the mother’s body undergoes physiological changes in order to return to its pre-pregnancy state. It typically lasts for six weeks or until the reproductive organs have fully healed. During the…
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Introduction Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones produced naturally by the adrenal glands in response to stress. The most well-known glucocorticoid is cortisol, which is involved in regulating a wide range of physiological processes in the body, including metabolism,…
SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT RED BLOOD CELLS YOU NEED TO KNOW
Introduction RBCs, or red blood cells, are the most common type of blood cell in the human body. They are also known as erythrocytes, and their primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and…
THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction The female reproductive system consists of several organs and structures that work together to produce, transport, and nourish ova (eggs) and support the development of a fetus if fertilization occurs. The main organs of the female reproductive system are…
A GUIDE TO DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Introduction The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we eat. The process of digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body, while absorption…
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HEMOGLOBIN
Introduction Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs to be exhaled. It is a complex…
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING SLEEP DISORDERS
Introduction Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the quality, timing, and duration of sleep. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, such as underlying medical conditions, lifestyle habits, and environmental factors. There are several…
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO HYPERTENSION
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common medical condition in which the force of blood against the walls of arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and…
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HYPERCOAGULABLE DISORDERS
Introduction Hypercoagulable disorders, also known as thrombophilias, are medical conditions characterized by an increased tendency to form blood clots. Blood clotting is a natural process that helps the body to prevent excessive bleeding after injury. However, in people with hypercoagulable…
ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ANEMIAS
Introduction Anemia is a medical condition in which a person has a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body’s tissues. This results in reduced oxygen delivery…
A GUIDE TO HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
Introduction Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. HL is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes. The cause…
THE ADVANCED GUIDE TO CELL INJURY AND ADAPTATION
Introduction Cell injury is a process where the normal structure and function of a cell are disrupted due to various harmful stimuli. It can occur due to a variety of factors such as physical trauma, chemical toxins, infectious agents, and…
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
Introduction Hemodynamic disorders are a group of medical conditions that occur as a result of abnormal blood flow through the body’s blood vessels. These disorders can arise from changes in the blood vessels themselves or alterations in the heart’s pumping…
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMIOSMOTIC MECHANISM
The chemiosmotic mechanism refers to the process by which cells generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (in eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes). The mechanism was first proposed by Peter…
TOP THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY TODAY
Introduction Enzyme activity is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including: Substrate availability: The concentration of substrate molecules can affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. An increase in substrate concentration can lead to an increase in the rate of the…
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO UREA SYNTHESIS
Introduction Urea is a compound that is produced in the liver from excess amino acids and other nitrogenous wastes. The synthesis of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide is called the urea cycle or the Krebs-Henseleit cycle. The urea cycle…
THE ADVANCED GUIDE TO GENETICS OF DISEASE
Introduction Genetics of disease is the study of how genetic variations contribute to the development and progression of various diseases. Our genes contain the instructions that determine our physical and biological traits, and changes or mutations in these genes can…
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION
Introduction Rectilinear acceleration refers to the acceleration of an object moving along a straight line path. It is also known as linear acceleration. The rectilinear acceleration of an object is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RNA PROCESSING AND TRANSLATION
Introduction Transcription is the process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA molecules. This process is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which moves along the DNA molecule and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule based…
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
Introduction Regulation of gene expression refers to the various mechanisms that control the synthesis of proteins from genes in a cell. This process is critical for the proper functioning of cells and the development of an organism. The regulation can…
INTRODUCTION TO ABNORMALITIES OF GROWTH
Abnormalities of growth refer to deviations from the normal patterns of physical growth and development. These deviations can be classified into two categories: physiological and pathological abnormalities. 1) Physiological abnormalities of growth are variations from the normal pattern of growth…
INTRODUCTION TO LASER
LASER stands for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.” It is a device that produces a beam of coherent light through the process of stimulated emission. In a LASER, light is produced when excited atoms in a gain medium…
A GUIDE TO X-RAYS
Introduction X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of ultraviolet light and longer than gamma rays. They were discovered in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who named them “X-rays” because their nature…
SIMPLE TIPS ABOUT EDDY CURRENTS YOU CAN’T AFFORD TO MISS
Introduction Eddy currents are electric currents that are generated in a conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field. These currents are often referred to as “foucault currents” or “parasitic currents.” When a conductor is placed in a…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Introduction A buffer solution is a type of solution that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it. Buffer solutions are commonly used in chemical and biological experiments where maintaining…
THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO TIME IN PHYSICS
Introduction In physics, time is generally understood as an interval between physical events. This interval is often measured in seconds or other units of time. According to this concept, time is considered to be a fundamental dimension of the universe,…
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MASS AND WEIGHT
Introduction Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday language, but they have distinct meanings in physics. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity that is usually measured in…
THE COMPLETE BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO FOOD ADDITIVES
Introduction Food additives are substances added to food products to enhance their flavor, texture, appearance, and shelf life. These substances may be natural or synthetic and can be categorized as preservatives, flavorings, colorings, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, or sweeteners. In agriculture,…
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Concept of work as a measure of energy transfer The concept of work as a measure of energy transfer is fundamental in physics. In simple terms, work is the energy transferred to or from an object by a force acting…
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CAPTURE FISHERIES
Capture fisheries refer to the harvesting of wild fish and other aquatic species from oceans, rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water. This includes a wide range of fish species, shellfish, and other aquatic organisms, which are caught using various…
A GUIDE TO RELIGION AND MEDICINE IN WEST AFRICAN TRADITION
Introduction Religion and medicine are two intertwined aspects of West African Traditional Religion (WATR). In WATR, the belief is that spiritual and physical health are connected and that illness is not just a physical phenomenon but also has spiritual causes.…
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
Chieftaincy Chieftaincy is an important aspect of West African traditional religion. In many West African societies, a chief is considered to be the head of the community and is responsible for the social, political, and religious affairs of the community.…
APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
The study of West African traditional religion provides an opportunity to understand the history, culture, and values of a diverse people. West African traditional religion, also known as African traditional religion, dates back to the earliest civilizations in the region.…
TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION
1) Fetishism Fetishism is a term that has historically been used to describe religious practices in West Africa and other parts of the world that involve the worship of objects or symbols that are believed to have supernatural powers or…
INTRODUCTION TO SALESMANSHIP
Definition of salesmanship Salesmanship is the art of persuading and convincing potential customers to purchase a product or service. It involves using effective communication, interpersonal skills, and knowledge of the product or service to build a relationship with the customer,…
EXPERIMENTS TO SHOW THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
Experiment 1 Aim: To demostrate the action of ptyalin (saliva) on cooked starch. Method: Some saliva is introduced into a test tube X and diluted with little amount of water. Two test tubes are labelled E and F. To test…
LANDFORMS DUE TO WATER ACTION IN THE DESERTS
Wind erosion, transportation and deposition are most effective and widespread in desert regions, but few deserts in the world are entirely without rain or water. In some deserts, there are perennial rivers such as the Nile in Egypt which has…
INTRODUCTION TO MINING AND POWER
Minerals are natural, chemical substances which make up the rocks of the earth’s crust. They have certain physical and chemical properties that differentiate them from one another. There are well over 2 000 known minerals scattered very unevenly throughout the…
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHIC PACKAGES
Graphic packages are those programs that allow artiste and computer users to use computers to create, edit, display and print graphic images. A graphics package is an application that can be used to create and manipulate images on a computer.…
INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT ACCESS
Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), designed primarily for home or small business usage. Access is known as a desktop database system because it is functions are intended to be run from a single computer. This is…
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
A database is a set of data that has a regular structure and that is organized in such a way that a computer can easily find the desired information. Data is a collection of distinct pieces of information, particularly information…
INTRODUCTION TO INSURANCE
Individuals and business enterprises are exposed to risks on daily basis as they carry out their daily activities. These risks, as they happen, bring about unfortunate consequences into one’s life. For example, in the recent times, we have heard of…
COUNTING DEVICES FROM 20TH CENTURY TO DATE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1) LISP was developed by _ a) John Mc Carthy. b) Blaise Pascal. c) Dr. Hollerith. d) John Napier. 2) The first computer made available for commercial use was _ a) Mark – 1. …
PRE COMPUTER AGE TO 19TH CENTURY OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1) Which of the following is still useful for adding number? a) EDSAC. b) ENIAC. c) Abacus. d) UNIVAC. 2) The earliest calculating devices are a) Abacus. b) Clock. c) Difference Engine. …
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB
WWW The World Wide Web, or Web, is a very large set of specially formatted documents that are interlinked and can be accessed through the Internet. It is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It…
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
A programming language is a formal language for communicating with a computer without the ambiguity of human languages. A programming language has to be executed by a computer or design of the language degenerates into a futile intellectual exercise. All…
COMPUTING DEVICES FROM 20TH CENTURY TO DATE
The rise of computers dates back to ancient times and to the development of mathematics and calculators. Computers began taking shape in the late 1800s and early 1900s. They were once the size of an entire room and required great…
PRE COMPUTER AGE TO 19TH CENTURY
COUNTING DEVICES (PRE COMPUTER AGE TO 19TH CENTURY) In ancient times, people used fingers to perform the calculations such as addition and subtraction. Even today, simple calculations are done on fingers. Soon, mankind realized that it would be easier to…