ADVANTAGES OF READING LITERATURE
Literature is useful and beneficial to man in a number of ways: For Storage and Spread of Information: Like any other printed matter, literature stores and spreads information. It embodies fictive creations of various kinds and attempts to communicate emotions…
THE ESSENTIALS (ELEMENTS) OF LITERATURE (OR THE ESSENTIALS OF LITERARY WORKS)
The essential elements of literature or literary work (drama or fiction) are: Plot. Characterization. Theme. Point of view. Setting. Tone. Irony. Symbolism. 1) PLOT Plot is a pattern of carefully selected, causally related events containing conflict. It may be…
MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals, unlike other resources are non-renewable resources because once they are exhausted, they cannot be replaced. Mineral resources are grouped into the followings: Mineral fuels such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals such as iron, copper,…
HUMAN RESOURCES
All resources of the environment are usually organised by man for optimum use. The ability of man to make the best use of these resources depends on his level of education, technology and culture. Factors which Determine the Size…
ROLES OF GOVERNMENT IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Government plays an important role in the development of agriculture in Nigeria. This has helped to solve the numerous problems which resulted in the poor development of agriculture. The roles of government in agricultural development include: 1) Provision of Financial…
PROSE
Although drama and narrative poetry can be classified as fiction, the term fiction (or prose- fiction) is frequently associated with novels and short stories. For this reason, Fiction may be defined as a narrative writing drawn from the imagination or…
DRAMA
Drama is a story told in action by actors on a stage before an audience. Aristotle defined it as imitated human action. Most dramatic works can be classified as tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, or melodrama. Drama is said to have originated…
THE LITERARY GENRES
Genre (a French word) means type or kind, and literary genres refer to aspects, kinds or types of literature. A general approach to literature recognises three broad genres: Poetry, Drama, and Prose -fiction (or Novel). POETRY Poetry refers to…
CARTILAGE
A cartilage is a tough elastic and semitransparent tissue devoid of blood vessels and nerves. Functions of cartilage It prevents friction between two bones and allows smooth and free movement. It absorbs shock between bones. For example the shock…
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 in all carbohydrates. Starch, sugar, glycogen and cellulose are carbohydrates. They are classified into three major groups namely:- Monosaccharides Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.…
NASTIC AND TACTIC MOVEMENT
Nastic/sleeping movements The pinnate and bipinnate leaves of many leguminous plants open and close as a result of certain changes in temperature, light intensity or humidity of the atmosphere. The process which is however gradual is known as “sleeping movement”…
SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE Subsistence agriculture is defined as the type of agriculture which is concerned with the production of food by a farmer to feed himself and his family. In other words, subsistence agriculture is a system of farming whereby a…
VEGETATION RESOURCES
Vegetation resources include all the resources one can get from the forest and savanna for the benefit of man, animals and plants. Vegetation resources include timber, roots, leaves, barks of trees, latex, fruits, fibre, firewood and wild animals. Importance…
WATER RESOURCES
Water resources refer to any useful material (living or non-living) inside water which are of benefit to man, animals and plants. Water resources are some of the most important environmental resources of man. Sources of water: Sources of water include…
ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES
Atmospheric resources are those elements such as wind, water, sunlight and gases found in the atmosphere which are of benefit to man, animals and plants. Types of Atmospheric Resources Atmospheric gases, e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, ozone layer…
MEANING OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
Environmental resources refer to any useful item in the environment, or materials and substances that are useful to man. In other words, environmental resources are useful things (both living and non-living) occurring naturally within a particular geographical location which are…
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN WEST AFRICA
Many developing countries in West Africa including Nigeria are faced with numerous problems which militate against the development of agriculture. Some of these problems are: (1) Inadequate Land or Land Tenure System Land cannot be pledged, sold or used as…
INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY APPRECIATION
THE MEANING OF LITERATURE The word “literature” is derived from the Latin word “littera meaning “a letter of the alphabet.” Literature in a wider sense, is the whole body of written or printed matter on any given subject, be it…
THE CONCEPT OF BRANDING
The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those…
ERRORS IN SENTENCE STRUCTURE
The following errors are common in sentence structures. They should be avoided or corrected promptly wherever they intrude in our writing. (1) Sentence Fragment (or Period fault) A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence, a phrase or a subordinate clause…
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Enzymes are organic catalysts of protein origin produced by living cells which help to speed up or slow down the rate of chemical reactions but remain chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. Classes of enzymes Enzymes are…
FOOD TESTS
Food substances are chemical compounds and therefore can be tested chemically. Test for carbohydrates Test for glucose (a reducing sugar) To a little solution of glucose, add small quantities of Fehling’s solutions A and B (equal amount) and heat…
PROBLEMS OF TOURISM IN NIGERIA
Some of the major problems facing tourism development in Nigeria include the following: Inadequate funding: In Nigeria, the tourism industry is poorly funded. Poor funding has led to the poor development of the sub-sector. lack of access roads: In Nigeria,…
JUSTIFICATION FOR TOURISM
Tourism is an activity done by an individual or a group of individuals, which leads to the movement from one place to another or a country to another for performing a specific a specific task or a visit to a…
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION Agricultural pollution is defined as the release of toxic or harmful substances into the environment by natural forces or man and other animals to an extent that causes biological damage to man and his resources. In…
THE COLON
The colon (:) and the semicolon differ greatly in use. The semicolon is a strong separator almost equal to a period, and is used only between equal parts. The colon is an introducer: calling attention to something that is to…
RULES OF GRAMMATICAL CONCORD
Concord means agreement, and the rules of grammatical concord are the principles of agreement between words in the sentence. The two major forms of grammatical concord and the most rigorously applied in written English are: Subject – Verb Agreement. Pronoun…
BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATIONS UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
1) Hibernation: Hibernation is a behavioural adaptation in which some small mammals such as shrews, monotremes and bats spend cold season (winter) in inactive condition or deep sleep in a warm and safe place. These small mammals are unable to…
STOMATA AND LENTICELS
Stomata Stomata are openings in the epidermal layer of leaves of plants. Two guard cells surround each stoma. The guard cells are bean-shaped. The inner cellwalls of the guard cells are elastic and thicker than the outer cell walls. This…
USES OF LAND FOR AGRICULTURAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES
Uses of Land for Agricultural Purposes 1) Production of crops: Land is used for the production of food crops like yam, rice, maize, cassava and cowpea as well as production of cash crops like cotton, rubber, cocoa and groundnut. …
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Conservation is defined as the planned, control exploitation or judicious use of natural resources to ensure their continuous availability and to preserve the quality or original nature of the environment. In other words, conservation is the preservation of natural resources…
THE SEMICOLON
The semicolon (;) is regularly a strong comma or a weak period. 1) The semicolon is used between two main clauses not joined by one of the simple co-ordinating conjunctions – ‘and’. ‘but’. ‘or’. ‘nor’. ‘for’. Property can be paid…
THE ORDER/PATTERN OF PREPOSITIONS AND QUESTION TAGS
The Order of Prepositions Usually, prepositions precede the words they govern. (e.g. Steve spoke to Sandra.) But sometimes, especially in questions, relative or interrogative clauses, idiomatic expressions, or commonly used expressions, prepositions come after the words they govern. He was…
PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES OF A TOWN
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A TOWN The physical features of a town include : Relief, vegetation, climate and drainage. Relief: Relief of a town may either be on a lowland and fairly on plateau e.g. Jos. Majority of the towns are…
PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES OF A VILLAGE
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A VILLAGE The physical features of a village include: Relief, vegetation, climate and drainage. Relief: Relief refers to the surface features of the land above the sea level. Relief may be grouped into two main classes which…
TAUNGYA SYSTEM
Taungya system is defined as the planting of arable crops at early stages of forest establishment and the arable crops are harvested before the trees form canopies. In other words, taungya farming is a management practice which involves the planting…
AUXINS
Auxins help primarily in influencing cell elongation and enlargement hence sometimes referred to as growth hormones. Actions of auxins are to stimulate or inhibit growth hence they are regarded as growth regulators. The most abundant natural auxin manufactured in plants…
SALIVARY GLANDS
Three pairs of salivary glands exist in man while in rabbit they are four pairs. In man, the three pairs are parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands. They all have ducts leading to the mouth cavity. They secrete digestive juice called…
THE SENTENCE
A sentence is a word or a group of words that makes a complete sense and stands separate from any other grammatical construction. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period (for statements), a question mark (for…
METHODS AND IMPORTANCE OF LAND RECLAMATION
METHODS OF LAND RECLAMATION There are various methods of land reclamation. These include the following: Afforestation: Afforestation is the process of establishing forest plantations in an area. In Nigeria, it is popularly referred to as tree planting campaign in which…
REASONS FOR LAND RECLAMATION
There are many reasons why people embark on land reclamation. Some of the reasons are: Insufficient land: People embark on Land reclamation because of small size of their land. In order to expand the existing land, they therefore embark on…
RANCHING
This is a system of livestock rearing which involves keeping of farm animals on a large scale and on a large expanse of enclosed land, which may be under natural vegetation or planted pasture. The animals are allowed to move…
PASTORAL AND NOMADIC FARMING
Pastoral farming: This is a system of farming whereby grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and goats are kept. The farmer who is known as the herdsman may manage his animals by moving them from one place to another, in…
LEY FARMING
Ley farming is simply defined as the cultivation of food crops with pasture crops. When food crops are harvested, the field quickly reverts to pasture for grazing. In other words, ley farming is a system which involves the alternation of…
THE COMMA
The comma (,) denotes a short pause. Commas are used for the following. 1. To separate items in a list or series; January, February, and March are the first three months of the year. 2. Words, phrases, or clauses…
ALLEY CROPPING
This is a system which involves the growing of food crops in spaces between hedge-rows of trees or shrubs, which must undergo regular pruning every five or six weeks. The species of plants that can be used for alley cropping…
SKELETON
Skeleton is therefore, the hard framework on which the body is built. This hard framework may be made up of sand particles as in Arcellar (a shelled Amoeba), exoskeleton as in insects and snails, cartilage as in the cartilaginous fish,…
NOMINALS
Nominals are words (such as pronouns and gerunds), phrases, or clauses which perform the functions of nouns. Functions: subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate noun, object complement, object of a preposition, etc. Kinds: There are six kinds of nominals in…
MODIFIERS
Modifiers are words that describe or qualify other words. Generally speaking, all adjectives and adverbs are called modifiers in contemporary English. Even adjective phrases and clauses, as well as adverb phrases and clauses, fall within the scope of this concept.…
RHESUS FACTOR
Rhesus factor in some red blood cells in some human beings was named after the rhesus monkey in which it was first discovered. Rhesus factor is an antigen present on the cell membrane of some red blood cells. The people…
Study Guide
