A. Zona glomerulosa cells B. Gonadotropes C. Thyrotropes D. Pulmonary neuroendocrine bodies ✓ E. Erythrocytes   Pulmonary neuroendocrine bodies, also known as Kulchitsky cells, are specialized neuroendocrine cells found in the lungs. These cells are responsible for the synthesis and…

A. The fetal ovary B. The fetal testis C. The fetal zone of the fetal adrenal cortex D. The definitive zone of the fetal adrenal cortex E. The placenta ✓   The major source of estrogens in the human fetus…

A. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ✓ B. IVH and jaundice C. IVH and pneumonia D. IVH and gastroinestinal reflux   Antenatal steroid therapy results in a reduction in the major complications of prematurity, specifically option A: Intraventricular…

A. Type 1 pneumocytes B. Bronchial epithelium C. Type 2 pneumocytes ✓ D. Endothelial cells   The lung cells responsible for surfactant synthesis are Type 2 pneumocytes. Type 2 pneumocytes, also known as septal cells or type II alveolar cells,…

A. Oligohydramnios B. Myasthenia gravis ✓ C. Thyroid disease D. Uncontrolled diabetes   Tocolysis is the process of inhibiting uterine contractions in order to delay preterm labor. Magnesium sulfate is a commonly used medication for tocolysis. However, there are certain…

A. Hemoglobin SA ✓ B. Hemoglobin SS C. Hemoglobin SC D. Hemoglobin S/β-thalassemia   Hemoglobinopathies are a group of genetic disorders characterized by abnormalities in the structure or production of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood…

A. Maternal hepatitis C B. Maternal hepatitis B C. Infant cleft lip or palate D. Infant galactosemia ✓   Contraindications for breastfeeding term, healthy infants include certain medical conditions that may pose risks to the infant or the mother. One…

A. Forceps caused more neonatal trauma than vacuums B. Vacuums caused more perineal trauma than forceps C. Vacuums caused less perineal trauma than forceps ✓ D. Intracranial bleeding was only seen with vacuums   In the meta-analysis of trials comparing…

A. Oxytocin infusion ✓ B. Prompt Cesarean delivery C. Manual rotation of a malposition D. Amnioinfusion with antibiotics   Chorioamnionitis is an infection of the fetal membranes (chorion and amnion) and amniotic fluid, typically caused by ascending bacteria from the…

A. Hypoglycemia ✓ B. Hypoparathyroidism C. Hyperparathyroidism D. Hypothyroidism E. Hyperthyroidism   Infants born to a diabetic mother are at risk of Hypoglycemia. This is because when a pregnant woman has diabetes, her high blood sugar levels can pass through…

A. Indigo carmine B. Methylene blue ✓ C. Evans blue D. Fluorescein   In cases of uncertainty regarding the diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM), it is important to exercise caution when considering transabdominal injection of dyes for…

A. A patient with two previous spontaneous preterm births ✓ B. A smoker C. A primigravida D. A person presenting with preterm premature rupture of membranes   17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) is a synthetic form of progesterone that has been…

A. Cup size B. Station of presenting part C. Type of cup D. Placement of cup ✓   In the proper conduct of a vacuum extraction delivery, the principle of correct placement of the cup is crucial. The vacuum extraction…

A. It should be considered abnormal B. Cesarean or instrumental vaginal delivery should be performed C. It may be normal, depending on the rate of fetal descent ✓ D. Pelvic floor injury is inevitable   The duration of the second…

A. Are generally prolonged B. Have abnormal contractility patterns C. Are not influenced by maternal age D. Should have their progress judged by the criteria for nulliparas ✓   When considering the labors of multiparas who have had all previous…

A. Administration of corticosteroids ✓ B. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) C. A splenectomy D. Administration of azathioprine   The first-line treatment for Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is the administration of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone or dexamethasone, are commonly…

A. SP-A B. PG C. Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) ✓ D. Sphingomyelin   The most abundant component of surfactant is Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine). Surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the alveoli in the lungs and plays a crucial…

A. Infection B. Tobacco exposure C. Genetic abnormalities ✓ D. Diabetes E. Thyroid disease   The most common cause of sporadic pregnancy loss in the first trimester is Genetic abnormalities. Genetic abnormalities can occur due to errors in the division…

A. Trisomy 21 B. Trisomy 18 C. Trisomy 13 D. Trisomy 16 ✓ E. Trisomy 1   The most common trisomy in spontaneous abortion is Trisomy 16. Trisomy 16 is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality found in spontaneous abortions, accounting…

A. Aldosterone synthase B. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)-1 C. 11β-HSD-2 ✓ D. 17α-Hydroxylase E. 11α-Hydroxylase   The enzyme thought to protect the fetus from maternal cortisol is 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)-2. This enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the levels of…

A. The innate immune system of the lung ✓ B. Type 2 cell hyperplasia C. Alveolar development D. Type 2 cell function   Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a crucial component of the innate immune system in the lungs. SP-A…

A. High-dose prednisone and low-dose aspirin B. High-dose prednisone and thromboprophylactic doses of heparin C. Thromboprophylactic doses of heparin and low-dose aspirin ✓ D. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and low-dose aspirin   Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by…

A. Is based on the dizygotic nature of the conceptuses B. Is undoubtedly due to the associated reversed arterial perfusion sequence in the acardiac twin C. Produces hypovolemia and anemia in the recipient and hypervolemia and polycythemia in the donor…

A. Animal studies B. In vitro studies C. Case reports D. Epidemiology studies ✓   Epidemiology studies are crucial in assessing the impact of environmental exposures on human health, including the effects of developmental toxicants. These studies involve observing and…

A. Endometrial ablation B. Uterine artery embolization C. Danazol/gestrinone D. GnRH agonist (Lupron) E. Continuous OCs ✓   The best management option for a 22-year-old G0 with biopsy-confirmed endometriosis who continues to have disabling dysmenorrhea for 3 days at the time of menses despite cyclic…

A. Escherichia coli B. Listeria monocytogenes ✓ C. Group B streptococci D. Trypanosoma cruzi E. Campylobacter fetus   When a 21-year-old primigravid woman presents with fever, back pain, preterm labor, and brown-stained amniotic fluid, the potential cause of fetal infection…

A. Penicillin (after desensitization) ✓ B. Erythromycin C. Tetracycline D. Clindamycin   Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus, leading to congenital syphilis, which…

A. Do nothing B. Administer GBS chemoprophylaxis empirically ✓ C. Administer antibiotics only if she develops a fever D. Send a GBS perineal culture and wait for the result to decide whether or not to give antibiotics E. Review her GBS status from her prior…

A. Renal failure B. Liver toxicity ✓ C. Seizures D. Congestive heart failure   Isoniazid (INH) is a medication commonly used to treat tuberculosis and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended for individuals with a positive purified protein derivative (PPD)…

A. Recurrent genital herpes B. Varicella pneumonia C. Herpetic hepatitis D. Influenza ✓   Acyclovir is an antiviral medication commonly used to treat infections caused by herpes viruses, including genital herpes, shingles, and chickenpox. However, it is not typically used…

A. Common peroneal ✓  B. Femoral C. Ilio-inguinal D. Lateral cutaneous of the thigh E. Obturator   The most likely cause of the unresolved right-sided foot drop and paraesthesia over the calf and dorsum of the right foot in this…

A. To lower the BP B. To prevent preterm labor C. For neuroprotection of the fetus D. To prevent seizures ✓ E. To dilate the cerebral vasculature and prevent headache   Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition that can occur during pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure…

A. Oral contraceptives B. Endometrial ablation C. Office hysteroscopy D. Dilation and curettage (D&C) E. Endometrial biopsy ✓   In this case, the most appropriate initial management for a 46-year-old, non-pregnant, morbidly obese woman presenting with irregular periods over the past 6 months would be…

A. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) B. Hepatitis B vaccination C. HBIG and hepatitis B vaccination ✓ D. None of the above   In the scenario described, where a chronic hepatitis B carrier delivers vaginally at 39 weeks’ gestation, the baby should receive both…

A. Round ligaments B. Broad ligaments C. Cardinal ligaments ✓ D. Uterosacral ligaments E. Scarpa fascia   The cardinal ligaments provide the major support to the uterus and cervix. These ligaments are located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus, extending from…

A. Digoxin B. Propranolol C. Flecanide D. Amiodarone ✓   In the case of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with hydrops fetalis, amiodarone is the medicine that has to be directly injected into the fetus. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication that can be…

A. The zone of amnion, chorion, and decidua in the edge of the placental mass B. The zone of amnion, chorion, and decidua at the midpoint between the placental mass at the site of rupture of membranes C. The zone…

A. Ureaplasma urealyticum ✓ B. Fusobacterium nucleatum C. Mycoplasma hominis D. Escherichia coli E. Group B Streptococcus   In cases of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM), the most common microorganism isolated by culture of amniotic fluid is Ureaplasma urealyticum. This…

A. Continue nursing with careful attention to thorough breast drainage ✓ B. Pump and discard milk with careful attention to through breast drainage C. Allow the breasts to “rest” removing only enough milk to relief discomfort D. Bind the breasts…

A. Sodium bicarbonate B. Fentanyl (narcotic) C. Pancuronium (paralytic) D. Inhaled nitric oxide ✓ E. Albuterol   In infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension, the medication that has been demonstrated by randomized, controlled trials to reduce the need for extracorporeal membrane…

A. Send a confirmatory blood glucose sample and start enteral feedings B. Start enteral feedings and send a blood sample for insulin determination C. Send a confirmatory blood glucose sample and start an intravenous glucose infusion ✓ D. Give a…

A. Uterine atony ✓ B. Coagulopathy C. Obstetric trauma D. Retained placenta   The most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage is A) Uterine atony. Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as excessive bleeding following childbirth, and uterine atony refers to the inability…

A. O’Leary B. B-Lynch ✓ C. Haultain D. Huntington   The B-Lynch suture, also known as the B-Lynch compression suture, is a surgical technique used in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) or uterine bleeding. It was developed by Dr.…

A. A grade 2/6 apical diastolic murmur with radiation to the axilla B. An aortic root diameter of 47 mm ✓ C. Marked tricuspid regurgitation D. Unifocal premature ventricular contractions   In a patient with Marfan syndrome contemplating pregnancy, an…

A. A beta-sympathomimetic B. Magnesium sulfate ✓ C. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors D. Salbutamol   In diabetic patients who are in premature labor, the drug of choice is magnesium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a tocolytic agent to delay…

A. Renal colic B. Round ligament syndrome C. Preterm labor D. Pyelonephritis ✓ E. Cystitis   Pyelonephritis is the condition most frequently misdiagnosed as appendicitis. Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney and upper urinary tract, usually caused by bacteria…

A. Cesarean section with removal of the appendix B. Vaginal delivery with appendectomy postpartum ✓ C. Appendectomy followed by vaginal delivery D. Appendectomy followed by Cesarean section E. Tocolysis with appendectomy followed by vaginal delivery F. Appendectomy followed by tocolysis…

A. Thrombotic microangiopathy ✓ B. Minimal change disease C. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis D. Membranous glomerulopathy   Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is typically associated with renal disease, particularly thrombotic microangiopathy. Thrombotic microangiopathy is a condition characterized by the formation of blood…

A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) ✓ C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D E. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)   Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to various complications, including nutritional deficiencies.…

A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ✓ B. Corticosteroids C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) D. Methotrexate   Scleroderma complicated with renal crisis during pregnancy is a serious condition that requires careful management to ensure the health and safety of both the…