CLIMATE OF NIGERIA
Climate is the average weather condition of the atmosphere over a very long period of time. The elements of climate – rainfall, temperature, wind, relative humidity, pressure, cloud cover and sunshine. Temperature: Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness…
CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE
Classification of climate is a conscious attempt at group different climates with similar characteristics together. This is because climate varies from place to place. The common systems of classification of climate include the Greeks and Koppen’s classifications. Greek System…
THE ROCKS OF THE EARTH
The earth’s crust consists of rocks. A rock is any mineral material of the earth. It may be a combination of different mineral elements such as silica which contains silicon and oxygen. All the rocks differ from one another in…
WORLD TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is defined as the movement of people, goods and commodities from one place to another either by land, water or by air. In other words, transportation is the movement of people, goods and services from place to the other.…
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Weather is defined as the condition of the atmosphere of a place at a certain time over a short period. The weather of a place is always very brief and changes regularly e.g. the weather of today could be sunny,…
THE EARTH’S ROTATION AND REVOLUTION
The earth moves in space in two different ways. These are: Rotation Revolution ROTATION OF THE EARTH Rotation of the earth is defined as the movement of the earth round the sun on its axis. The earth moves or…
FACTS ABOUT WEATHERING
Weathering is defined as the gradual breaking down or disintegration of rocks by either physical (mechanical) or chemical process. FACTORS AFFECTING WEATHERING The following factors affect the weathering of rocks: Climate: Climatic elements like temperature and rainfall are the…
MORE DETAILS ABOUT THE OUTER AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The structure of the earth is grouped into two zones. These are the outer structure and the internal structure. THE OUTER STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH The outer structure of the earth is made up of four zones or layers.…
MINERAL RESOURCES IN NIGERIA
Minerals present and mined in Nigeria include: Petroleum and Crude oil Petroleum is a sedimentary rock mineral found in Port Harcourt (Rivers State), Warri and Ughelli (both in Delta State), Akwa-Ibom and Imo-State. The first oil well in Nigeria was…
MINING IN AFRICA (COPPER, GOLD AND PETROLEUM)
MINING OF GOLD Africa leads the whole world in the production of gold. South Africa is the largest producer of gold in Africa, followed by Ghana, Zimbabwe and Zaire. Gold is a valuable metallic mineral. MAJOR MINING AREAS Witwatersrand…
INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTARY LAND SURVEYING
Land surveying is defined as the process by which measurement of land is made and then represent such measurement by tables, plans or layout for specific purposes. It can also mean the measuring and mapping out of the position, size…
GENERAL TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (PART 3)
Differentiate between weather and climate Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place over a short period (days, weeks, hours, and month) but climate is the average condition of a place over a long period of time (35 years). Weather…
GENERAL TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (PART 2)
Describe three main differences between Zeugens and Yardang In Zeugen, the hard and soft layers of rocks are arranged in horizontal bands while that of Yardangs are arranged in vertical bands. In Zeugen, there must be lines of fissure which…
HERDSMEN – FARMER CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Historical tensions between Nigeria’s pastoralist and farmers have intensified in recent years. Dwindling forage resources and water availability greatly contribute to the conflicts. The urgent requirement is to engage the extension specialists with, rather than isolate, pastoralists from the various…
FARM BIO-SECURITY
Farm bio-security is all about protecting people, animals, plants, and environment from pests and diseases. It includes trying to prevent new pests and diseases from spreading into the farm, and helping to control outbreaks too when it occurs on the…
EROSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND WEATHER INFORMATION UTILIZATION
Erosion control techniques are fundamental for the protection of water quality. Soil stabilization and erosion control practices are needed and should be used in areas where soil is exposed and natural vegetation is inadequate. Bare ground should be covered, typically…
CLEAN AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy is defined as any energy resource that is naturally regenerated over a short time scale and derived directly from the sun (such as thermal, photochemical, and photoelectric), indirectly from the sun (such as wind, hydropower, and photosynthetic energy…
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is an important sector of the Nigerian economy. In addition to providing Nigerians with much of their food, crops, livestock, and fisheries make significant contributions to the national economy and GDP. It remains the main source of livelihood for…
GENERAL TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (PART 1)
Distinguish between: Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude run from west to east while lines of longitude run from north to south. Lines of latitude are parallel to each other while lines of longitude are not parallel to each other…
TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ROCK (PART 1)
Define the term sedimentary rock and describe any two processes of its formation Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed from sediments deposited either by water, wind or ice. These sediments are formed in layers or strata, one on top of the…
VULCANICITY OR VULCANISM
Vulcanicity is formed when molten rock or magma forces its way into planes of weakness or vent of the earth’s crust to escape quietly or explosively to the surface. The magma, while moving through the vent to the earth’s surface…
RAINFALL
Rainfall is defined as the release of excess condensed water vapour in the atmosphere into the earth. Rainfall is the most important form of precipitation. On maps, lines used to join places having the same average annual rainfall are called…
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE IN WEST AND EAST AFRICA
Plantation agriculture is defined as the cultivation of certain crops on large area of land or plantation. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATION It involves the cultivation of only one type of crop on a piece of land (i.e. monoculture). It requires…
ACTION OF WAVES IN COASTLANDS
The action of wave as an important agent of erosion, transportation and deposition of materials is confined to the coast of seas and oceans. The rate of marine erosion depends on the nature of the rocks, the amount of rock…
ACTION OF GLACIERS IN TEMPERATE REGIONS
The action of glacier as an important agent of erosion, transportation and deposition of materials is confined to mountainous and temperate regions of the world. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH GLACIERS Ice: This refers to solid form of water, resulting from…
ACTION OF WIND IN DESERTS
The action of wind is dominant in deserts and other semi-arid regions of the world. Deserts which are associated with aridity (dryness) are caused by low rainfall, high temperature, cold currents and high evaporation rate. About 1/5 of the world’s…
EFFECTS OF RUNNING WATER
Running water can be defined as the natural movement of water in a certain direction. Running water is one of the most important agents of denudation. Rivers are involved in erosion, transportation and deposition of materials. RIVER A river…
PLATEAUX
Plateaux are elevated upland. They have extensive flat or level surface which usually descends sharply to the surrounding lowland. It has gentle slopes and is often referred to as table lands because of their flat or level surface. Plateaux are…
PASTORAL FARMING IN WEST AND EAST AFRICA
Pastoral farming is defined as the system of farming in which livestock animals like cattle, sheep and goats are reared either for food or for sale. TYPES OF PASTORAL FARMING There are two types of pastoral farming. These are:…
FRUIT FARMING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS OF AFRICA
Fruit farming is defined as the type of farming in which farmers cultivate mainly fruit crops either for domestic, industrial or commercial purposes. It is regarded as Orchard farming. MAJOR AREAS OF FRUIT FARMING In North-West Africa: The areas…
WORLD VEGETATION
Vegetation is defined as an association or group of plants growing together in a particular habitat or environment. FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETATION Factors affecting vegetation can be grouped into four major categories. These are: CLIMATIC FACTORS High temperature with low…
IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE IN THE NILE BASIN AND THE NIGER BASIN
Irrigation agriculture is the type of agriculture which involves the artificial application of water to soil or land for farming purposes. Irrigation is mainly practiced in areas where there is insufficient rainfall like in Egypt and Sudan (Nile Basin) which…
WIND
Wind is defined as air in motion and it has speed and direction. In other words, wind is the horizontal flow or movement of air masses on the earth’s surface. Wind ranges from simple, light and comfort breeze to chaotic…
VEGETATION OF NIGERIA
The vegetation in Nigeria can be grouped into three major zones. These are: The forest Zone or Vegetation: This forest zone or vegetation contains mainly trees and has the following forest belts. Mangrove swamp forest (salt and fresh water swamp).…
CLOUD COVER AND SUNSHINE
Clouds are tiny droplets of water vapor, suspended and floating in the air. Their forms, shape, heights and movements indicate the sky and weather conditions of a particular place. On maps, places with an equal degree of cloudiness are joined…
MAJOR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PROJECTS IN AFRICA
Hydro-Electric Power (H.E.P) is the generation of electric power (electricity) from water. This is achieved through the damming of rivers and the use of river water to turn or drive turbines leading to the generation of electricity. A dam is…
PRESSURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Pressure is defined as the force exerted on the earth’s surface and other objects by air, because air has weight. On maps, places having equal atmospheric pressure are joined together by lines called Isobars. FACTORS AFFECTING PRESSURE Altitude: When…
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Pollution is the release of substances into the environment i.e. air, water or land in quantities or to the level that are harmful to man, animals and plants. The substances that cause pollution in the environment are called pollutants. …
ACTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER
Underground water is the water that sinks into the ground, that is, the water that enters the rocks. Water can enter a rock in two ways: Through the spaces called pore spaces separating the individual grains of rock. Through the…
LOCAL GEOGRAPHY
Local Geography involves the study of our immediate environment. In other words, it involves the study of both physical and socio-cultural aspects of the locality. The physical aspect includes mountains, lowlands, valleys, rivers, vegetation, climate, etc. The socio-cultural aspect includes…
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS OF TOWNS
Towns are classified according to certain functions they perform. Certain towns may perform more than one function but some are known for a particular function as stated below: Market towns: These are mainly trading centres based on commerce e.g. Onitsha,…
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO SIZE
The size of settlement refers to the number of people per settlement. The smallest settlement in terms of size is the homestead while the largest is megalopolis. On the basis of size, the following settlements are recognized with their characteristics.…
CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO PATTERN OR SHAPE
The pattern or shape of settlement refers to the arrangement of buildings in a settlement. The main patterns of settlements include: Dispersed (scattered) settlement. Linear settlement. Nucleated or Dense settlement. Isolated settlement. DISPERSED (SCATTERED) SETTLEMENT The buildings are scattered…
WORLD SETTLEMENTS
Settlement is a collection of buildings with people living in them. It is a centre for human activities and it consists of houses, communication networks, roads, tracks, railways etc. It could be one house, a group of houses, a village,…
MIGRATION
Migration is defined as the movement of people from one geographical area to another, involving permanent or temporary residence or settlement. In migration, the region where people are leaving is called the source region while the region where people are…
PATTERN OF WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Pattern of world population distribution is grouped into three. These are: The very densely populated parts of the world. The moderately populated parts of the world. The very sparsely populated parts of the world. THE VERY DENSELY POPULATED PARTS…
PLAINS
A plain is an extensive area of level or gentle undulating land, usually a few metres above the sea-level. In this situation, height differences are small. Plains are certainly the most important and populous landforms because the world population lives…
KARST REGION
Karst region refers to large stretch of land occupied by limestone which possesses a unique type of topography. Limestone is a sedimentary rock of organic materials made of calcium carbonate. Karst landscapes develop where the bedrock is comprised of an…
WORLD TRADE
Trade refers to the buying and selling or exchange of goods and services between one region and another in the same country or between one country and another. The former is called internal trade while the latter is called international…
WORLD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing industry refers to the turning of both organic and inorganic raw materials and substances into finished or new products by mechanical or chemical processes at home (cottage) or in the factory. Processing industries: These are industries that are directly…
Study Guide
